ii . . 'A Of x; r- a 9 10- ; ru li a m a AN ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE so/ HERN BOUNDARY OF VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAJ WESTWARD TO THE 102o MERIDIAN BY NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Pn/X, Sc.D., LL.D. DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW VORK BOTANICAL GARDEN; PROF/ SOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AND HON. ADDISON BROWN,A-B., LL.D. PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK BOTANf 111 GARDEN THE DESCRIPTIVE /EXT CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITHfHE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DR/VN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED IN THREE/VOLUMES Vol. II. AMARANTHACEA TO LOGANIACEAE AMARANTH/TO POLYPREMUM NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1913 j COPYRIGHT, 1913 BY NATHAN V L. BRITTON AND HELEN C. BROWN, E.\rutrix of the Estate of SON BROWN, deceased. LANCASTER. PA. CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. 16. AMARANTHACEAE 17. CHENOPODIACEAE 18. PHYTOLACCACEAE 19. CORRIGIOLACEAE 20. NYCTAGINACEAE 21. AlZOACEAE 22. PORTULACACEAE 23. ALSINACEAE 24. CARYOPHYLLACEAE 25. CERATOPHYLLACEAE 26. CABOMBACEAE 27. NELUMBONACEAE 28. NYMPHAEACEAE 29. MAGNOLIACEAE 30. ANNONACEAE 31. RANUNCULACEAE 32. BERBERIDACEAE 33. MENISPERMACEAE 34. CALYCANTHACEAE 35. LAURACEAE 36. PAPAVERACEAE 37. FUMARIACEAE 38. CRUCIFERAE 39. CAPPARIDACEAE 40. RESEDACEAE 41. SARRACENIACEAE 42. DROSERACEAE 43. PODOSTEMACEAE 44. CRASSULACEAE 45. PENTHORACEAE 1. CLETHRACEAE 2. PYROLACEAE 3. MONOTROPACEAE 4. ERICACEAE 5. VACCINIACEAE Choripetalae (continued) i 46. PARNASSIACEAE 8 47. SAXIFRAGACEAE 25 48. HYDRANGEACEAE 26 49. ITEACEAE 30 50. HAMAMELIDACEAE 34 51. ALTINGIACEAE 35 52. GROSSULARIACEAE 41 53. PLATANACEAE 6 1 54. ROSACEAE 75 55- MALACEAE 75 56. AMYGDALACEAE 76 57. MlMOSACEAE 77 58. CAESALPINACEAE 80 59. KRAMERIACEAE 83 60. FABACEAE 84 61. GERANIACEAE 126 62. OXALIDACEAE I3O 63. LlNACEAE 132 64. BALSAMINACEAE 133 65. LlMNANTHACEAE 136 66. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 141 67. RUTACEAE 146 68. SlMAROUBACEAE 196 69. POLYGALACEAE 199 70. EUPHORBIACEAE 201 71. CALLITRICHACEAE 202 72. EMPETRACEAE 205 73. BUXACEAE 205 74. ANACARDIACEAE 211 75. CYRILLACEAE Gamopetalae 666 6. DlAPENSIACEAE 668 7. PRIMULACEAE 673 8. PLUMBAGINACEAE 675 9. SAPOTACEAE 694 10. EBENACEA-i SYMBOLS USED, 1-666 211 76. ILICACEAE 214 77. CELASTRACEAE 230 78. STAPHYLEACEAE 233 79. ACERACEAE 234 80. AESCULACEAE 235 81. SAPINDACEAE 236 82. RHAMNACEAE 242 83. VlTACEAE 242 84. TlLIACEAE 286 85. MALVACEAE 322 86. THEACEAE 330 87. HYPERICACEAE 334 88. ELATINACEAE 340 89. CISTACEAE 341 OO. VlOLACEAE 425 91. PASSIFLORACEAE 430 92. LOASACEAE 435 93. CACTACEAE 440 94. THYMELEACEAE 441 95. ELAEAGNACEAE 442 96. LYTHRACEAE 443 97. MELASTOMACEAE 445 98. ONAGRACEAE 446 99. TRAPACEAE 452 100. HALORAGIDACEAE 477 101. ARALIACEAE 478 102. AMMIACEAE 480 IO3. CORNACEAE 480 485 666 705 ii. SYMPLOCACEAE 707 12. STYRACEAE 717 13. OLEACEAE 719 14. LOGANIACEAE 720 486 490 493 494 498 500 5oi 505 5ii 513 526 527 537 539 545 564 565 568 574 575 577 582 584 611 612 616 619 660 721 721 723 729 ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES Petals distinct, or none (continued) 16. AMARANTH FAMILY 17. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 1 8. POKEWEED FAMILY 19. WHITLOWWORT FAMILY 26 20. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY 30 21. CARPET-WEED FAMILY 34 22. PURSLANE FAMILY 35 23. CHICKWEED FAMILY 41 24. PINK FAMILY 61 25. HORNWORT FAMILY 75 26. WATER-SHIELD FAMILY 75 27. SACRED-BEAN FAMILY 76 28. WATER-LILY FAMILY 78 29. MAGNOLIA FAMILY 80 30. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY 83 31. CROWFOOT FAMILY 84 32. BARBERRY FAMILY 126 33. MOONSEED FAMILY 130 34. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY 132 35. LAUREL FAMILY 133 36. POPPY FAMILY 136 37. FUMEWORT FAMILY 141 38. MUSTARD FAMILY 146 39. CAPER FAMILY 196 1-666 40. MIGNONETTE FAMILY 199 41. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY 201 42. SUNDEW FAMILY 202 43. RIVER- WEED FAMILY 205 44. ORPINE FAMILY 205 45. VIRGINIA STONE- CROP FAMILY 211 46. GRASS-OF-PARNAS- sus FAMILY 211 47. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 214 48. HYDRANGEA FAMILY 230 49. VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY 233 IV CONTENTS. VOL. II. 50. WITCH-HAZEL FAM 51. ALTINGIA FAMILY 235 52. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 236 53. PLANE-TREE FAMILY 242 54. ROSE FAMILY 55. APPLE FAMILY 56. PEACH FAMILY 57. MIMOSA FAMILY 58. SENNA FAMILY 59. KRAMERIA FAMILY 340 60. PEA FAMILY 61. GERANIUM FAMILY 425 62. WOOD- SORREL FAM 63. FLAX FAMILY 64. JEWEL-WEED FAMILY 440 65. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY 441 66. CALTROP FAMILY 67. RUE FAMILY 68. AILANTHUS FAMILY 445 69. MILK WORT FAMILY 446 88. 234 70. SPURGE FAMILY 452 235 71. WATER- STAR WORT 89- 236 FAMILY 477 242 72. CROWBERRY FAMILY 478 90. 242 73. Box FAMILY 480 91. 286 74. SUMAC FAMILY 480 322 75. CYRILLA FAMILY 485 92. 330 76. HOLLY FAMILY 486 93- 334 77. STAFF-TREE FAMILY 490 94- 340 78. BLADDER-NUT 95- 341 FAMILY 493 96. 425 79. MAPLE FAMILY 494 97- 80. BUCKEYE FAMILY 498 430 81. SOAPBERRY FAMILY 500 98. 435 82. BUCKTHORN FAMILY 501 440 83. GRAPE FAMILY 505 99- 84. LINDEN FAMILY 511 IOO. 441 85. MALLOW FAMILY 513 442 86. TEA FAMILY 526 101. 443 87. ST. JOHN'S-WORT 1 02. 445 FAMILY 527 103. WATER-WORT FAMILY 537 ROCK-ROSE FAMILY 539 VIOLET FAMILY 545 PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY 564 LOASA FAMILY 565 CACTUS FAMILY 568 MEZEREON FAMILY 574 OLEASTER FAMILY 575 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 577 M EADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY 582 EVENING- PRIMROSE FAMILY 584 WATER-NUT FAMILY 611 WATER- MILFOIL FAMILY 612 GINSENG FAMILY 616 CARROT FAMILY 619 DOGWOOD FAMILY 660 Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting 666 1. WHITE ALDER FAMILY 666 2. WlNTERGREEN FAMILY 668 3. INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY 673 4. HEATH FAMILY 675 5. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 694 6. DIAPENSIA FAMILY 705 7. PRIMROSE FAMILY 707 8. PLUMBAGO FAMILY 717 9. SAPODILLA FAMILY 719 INDEX OF LATIN GENERIC NAMES IN VOLUME II. 10. EBONY FAMILY 720 11. SWEET-LEAF FAMILY 721 12. STORAX FAMILY 721 13. OLIVE FAMILY 723 14. LOGANIA FAMILY 729 732-735 SYMBOLS USED is used after figures to indicate feet. 'is used after figures to indicate inches.' " is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch. ^ over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel. "* over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of the vowel. IN THE METRIC SYSTEM. The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches.' The decimetre = 3.94 inches. The centimetre = S of an inch, or 4! lines. The millimetre = ^s of an inch, or i a line. 2i millimeters = I line. /ery nearly ILLUSTRATED FLORA. VOL. ii. Family 16. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i : 204. 1805. AMARANTH FAMILY. Herbs, some exotic genera low shrubs, with alternate or opposite simple mostly entire thin leaves. Flowers small, green or white, perfect, monoecious, polyga- mous, or dioecious, bracteolate, variously clustered, usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx herbaceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, or 5-cleft, the segments distinct or somewhat united, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the calyx-segments, hypogynous ; filaments distinct, united at the base, or into a tube; anthers i-celled or 2-celled. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, i-celled ; ovule solitary in the following genera, amphitropous (sev- eral in some tropical genera) ; style short, elongated or none; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly or indehiscent, i-seeded in our genera. Seed mostly smooth ; embryo annular ; endosperm mealy, usually copious. About 40 genera and 475 species, widely distributed, most abundant in warm regions. Anthers 2-celled ; leaves alternate. Calyx 2-5-parted or of 2-5 sepals. i. Amaranthus. Calyx of the pistillate flowers wanting. 2. Acnida. Anthers i-celled ; leaves opposite. Flowers in small axillary clusters. 3. Cladothrix. Flowers variously spicate or paniculate. Calyx 5-cleft ; filaments united into a tube. 4. Froelichia. Calyx s-parted ; filaments united at the base. 5. Iresine. i. AMARANTHUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 989. 1753. Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs, most of the species weeds, with alternate, petioled pinnately veined entire, undulate or crisped leaves and small monoecious polygamous or dioecious green or purplish mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal spikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 2-5; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or oblong utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly or indehiscent, 2-3-beaked by the persis- tent styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfading flower, from the dry, unwithering bracts.] About 50 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following some 22 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Amaranthus caudatus L. Utricle circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid. Flowers, at least the upper, in dense terminal spikes. Axils not spine-bearing. Sepals oblong to lanceolate. Spikes stout, 4 "-7" thick. T . A.retrofle.rtts. Spikes slender, 2" -3" thick. 2 . A. hybridus Sepals spatulate. 3 . A.Palmeri. A pair of stout spines in each axil. 4. A. spinosus. Flowers all in small axillary clusters, mostly shorter than the leaves. Plant prostrate ; bracts oblong ; utricle smooth. 5. A. blitoides. Plant erect, bushy-branched; bracts subulate; utricle wrinkled. 6. A. graecizans. Utricle indehiscent, membranous, coriaceous or fleshy. Upper flowers in terminal, more or less elongated spikes. Sepals 5, clawed; flowers dioecious; southwestern species. 7. A.Torreyi. Sepals 2 or 3, oblong or spatulate ; flowers monoecious or polygamous ; in waste places. Utricle smooth, dry, scarious. 8. A. lividits. Utricle fleshy, 3-s-nerved. 9 . A. deflexus. Flowers all in small axillary clusters shorter than the leaves. Plant not fleshy; stem prostrate; leaves crisped. 10. A. crisflus. Sea-coast fleshy plant; stem short, erect; leaves not crisped. n. A.pumilits. i AMARANTHACEAE. VOL. II. i. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Green Amaranth, Red Root. Fig. 1659. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. Roughish-pnberulent, rather light green, stem stout, erect or ascending, commonly branched, i- 10 tall. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or acuminate at the base, the larger 3 '-6' long, their margins undulate or entire ; flowers green, polygamous, densely aggregated in terminal and axillary spikes, which are sessile, stout, obtuse or subacute, ovoid-cylindric, erect or ascend- ing, \'-2\' long, 4"-7" thick ; bracts subulate, twice as long as the 5 scarious narrowly oblong or slightly spatulate mucronate-tipped obtuse or often emar- ginate sepals; stamens 5; utricle slightly wrinkled, thin, circumscissile, rather shorter than the sepals. A weed, in cultivated and waste soil, throughout North America, north to Nova Scotia, North Dakota and Wash- ington. Also in Europe. Naturalized from tropical America. Rough pigweed. Aug.-Oct. 2. Amaranthus hybridus L. Spleen Amaranth. Pilewort. Fig. 1660. Amaranthus hybridus L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. A. chlorostachys Willd. Amaranth. 34. pi. 10. t. 19. 1790. A. paniculatus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1406. 1763. Similar to the preceding species but darker green, or purple, pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem usually slender, erect, usually branched, 2-8 tall. Leaves bright green on both sides or paler beneath, usually smaller, slender-petioled; spikes linear-cylindric, axil- lary and forming dense terminal panicles, ascending, somewhat spreading or drooping; bracts awned or awn-tipped, twice as long as the 5 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals ; stamens 5 ; utricle scarcely wrinkled, circumscissile. A weed, in waste grounds, range nearly of the preceding species, its races differing in color, pubescence and length of the awns of the bracts. Naturalized from tropical Amer- ica. Slender pigweed. Red amaranth or cockscomb. Prince's-feather. Flower-gentle. Careless. Floramor. Aug.-Oct. . //X. V. jf 3. Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. Palmer's Amaranth. Fig. 1661. A. Palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 274. 1876. Somewhat resembling the two preceding species, stem erect, slender, branched, 2-3 tall, usually pubes- cent above. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, prominently veined, slender-petioled, the lower petioles often longer than the blades; flowers polygamous or dioecious, borne in elongated erect or drooping spikes often i long or more, and some of them commonly in small clusters in the upper axils ; bracts subulate, spiny-awned, spreading, twice as long as the sepals ; sepals 5, spatulate, clawed ; utricle dry, tircumscissile. In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas and in east- ern Massachusetts. Adventive. Native from New Mexico to California and Chihuahua. June-Sept. Amaranthus caudatus L., with long dense red nod- ding terminal spikes, has been found in waste grounds in Connecticut. GENUS i. AMARANTH FAMILY. 4. Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny or Thorny Amaranth. Fig. 1662 Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. t ' Rather dark green, glabrous or somewhat pubes- cent above, stem stout, erect or ascending, ridged, usually much branched, sometimes red, i-4 high. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute at both ends, i'-3' long, with a pair of rigid stipular spines i'-i' long at each node, the midvein excurrent; flowers monoecious, the pistillate in numerous capitate axillary clusters, mostly shorter than the petioles, the staminate in dense terminal linear-cylindric spreading or droop- ing spikes i '-6' long; bracts lanceolate-subulate about as long as the 5 scarious oblong mucronate-. tipped i -nerved sepals, and the thin imperfectly cir- cumscissile utricle ; stamens 5. In waste and cultivated soil, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Mexico. Naturalized from tropical America. A troublesome weed southward. Red amaranth. June- Sept. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Prostrate Amaranth. Fig. 1663. A. blitoides S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 273. 1877. Nearly or quite glabrous, rather pale green, stem diffusely branched, prostrate and spreading on the gorund, ridged, 6'-2 long, often forming mats. Leaves obovate or spatulate, i'-i' long, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed into slender petioles, sometimes longer than the blades ; flowers polyg- amous, in small axillary clusters mostly shorter than the petioles ; bracts oblong to lanceolate-subulate, little longer than the 3 to 5 oblong-lanceolate acute or cuspidate sepals ; stamens 3 ; utricle nearly smooth, circumscissile, equalling or slightly longer than the sepals. In waste places, especially along the principal routes of travel, Maine to southern Ontario and North Dakota, south to New Jersey, Missouri and Kansas. Naturalized from west of the Rocky Mountains, where it appears to be indigenous from Washington to Utah, Colorado and Mexico. June-Oct. 6. Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumble-weed. Fig. 1664 Amaranthus graecizans L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. Amaranthus albus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1404. 1763. Glabrous, pale green, stem erect, bushy- branched, whitish, 6'-2 tall, the branches slen- der, ascending. Leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate, l'-li' long, slender-petioled, papil- lose, the midvein excurrent ; flowers polyga- mous, several together in small axillary clusters shorter than the leaves, commonly not longer than the petioles; bracts subulate, pungent- pointed, spreading, much longer than the 3 membranous sepals; stamens 3; utricle wrinkled, circumscissile, longer than the sepals. In waste and cultivated soil, throughout North America, except the extreme north. The leaves fall away in autumn, and on the western plains the plant, thus denuded, is freely uprooted and blown before the wind, whence the popular name. June-Sept. AMARANTHACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Amaranthus Torreyi (A. Gray) Benth. Torrey's Amaranth. Fig. 1665. Amblogyne Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 5 : 167. 1861. Amaranthus Torreyi Benth. ; S. Wats. Bot. Cal. 2 : 2 : 42. 1889. Glabrous or nearly so, stem stout or slender, erect, grooved, usually much branched above, 2-3 tall. Leaves lanceolate or rhombic- lanceolate, thin, narrowed above to a rather blunt apex, mostly cuneate at the base, \\'- long, i'-i' wide, slender-petioled ; flowers dioecious, borne in terminal slender some- times panicled spikes and in small axillary clusters; bracts shorter than or about equal- ling the 5 sepals, cuspidate ; sepals of the pistillate flowers obovate or broadly spatu- late, clawed, obtuse or emarginate, those of the staminate flowers narrower and subacute ; utricle dry, indehiscent. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Nevada, south to Mexico. Plant with the aspect of Acnida. June-Aug. 8. Amaranthus lividus L. Purplish Ama- ranth. Fig. 1666. Amaranthus lividus L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. Euxolus lividus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13-: 275. 1849. Glabrous, rather succulent, purplish-green or red; stem erect, slender, branched, i-3 tall. Leaves ovate, entire, i'-3' long, strongly emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender-petioled ; flow- ers monoecious or polygamous, in dense terminal spikes and in capitate axillary clusters usually much shorter than the petioles ; bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals ; utricle dry, sca- rious, smooth, indehiscent, longer than the sepals. In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to southern New York. Adventive from tropical America. July- Sept. Amaranthus gracilis Desf., which differs mainly from this species by its warty utricle, has been found in bal- last at the seaports and is reported from Ohio. It is native of tropical America and has been confused with A. viridis L. 9. Amaranthus deflexus L. Low Amaranth. Fig. 1667. Amaranthus deflexus L. Mant. 2: 295. 1771. Euxolus deflexus Raf. Fl. Tell. 3 : 42. 1836. Glabrous, purplish-green, rather succulent, stem usually much branched, erect, stout or slender, i-3 tall. Leaves ovate or oval, obtuse retuse or emarginate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, I '-3' long, \'-\\' wide, slender-petioled, the petioles often as long as the blades or the lower ones longer; flowers polygamous in dense, mostly short and thick terminal spikes and capitate in the axils ; bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals usually very short ; utricle fleshy, 3~5-nerved, smooth, indehiscent, longer than the sepals when ripe. In waste places and ballast along the coast, Massa- chusetts to southern New York. Also in California. Probably adventive from Europe. July-Sept. GENUS i. AMARANTH FAMILY. 10. Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. & Thev.) A. Braun. Crisp-leaved Amaranth. Fig. 1668. Eitxolus crispus Lesq. & Thev. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 6: 656. 1859. Amarantus crispus A. Braun ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 428. 1890. Pubescent, stem copiously branched, slender, spreading on the ground, prostrate, forming mats 8'-2i in diameter. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute at the apex and narrowed at the base, petioled, 4"-i' long, their margins remarkably crisped ; petioles shorter than or exceeding the blades ; flowers all in small axllary clusters shorter than the petioles; bracts lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than the 5 sepals; utricle wrinkled, inde- hiscent, about as long as the sepals. In waste places, New York city, Brooklyn and Al- bany, N. Y. Also in France. Native region unknown. June-Sept. ii. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. Coast Amaranth. Fig. 1669. Amarantus pumilus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : 360. 1808. Euxohis pumilus Chapm. Fl. S. States 381. 1860. Glabrous, fleshy, branched, the branches pros- trate or ascending, 3'-8' long. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate, obovate or suborbicular, most of them clustered toward the ends of the branches, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, prominently veined, petioled, 3"-io" long, the veins often purple ; flowers few together in small axillary clusters; bracts lanceo- late, subacute, shorter than the 5 oblong obtuse sepals ; stamens 5 ; anthers yellow ; utricle fleshy, indehiscent, faintly 5-ribbed, slightly wrinkled, nearly twice as long as the sepals when mature ; seed very large for the genus. On sea beaches, Rhode Island to North Carolina. Dwarf amaranth. June-Sept. 2. ACNIDA L. Sp. 1027. 1753. Annual, erect or decumbent, glabrous branching herbs, similar to the dioecious Amar- anths, with alternate petioled thin pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, green, i-3-bracted, in terminal and axillary, continuous or interrupted spikes, or clustered in the axils. Stami- nate flowers consisting of 5 scarious erect i -nerved mucronate sepals longer than the bracts, and as many stamens ; filaments subulate, distinct ; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers without a calyx ; ovary ovoid or subglobose ; stigmas 2-5, papillose or plumose, short or elongated. Utricle fleshy and indehiscent, or membranous and bursting irregularly or circumscissile ; seed erect, smooth and shining. [Greek, without nettle.] About 6 species, natives of eastern North America and the West Indies. Type species : Acnida cannabina L. Utricle fleshy, angled, indehiscent ; salt-marsh plant. i. A. cannabina, Utricle membranous, irregularly dehiscent or circumscissile ; plants of fresh water swamps. Utricle circumscissile. 2. A. tamariscina. Utricle irregularly dehiscent. 3. A. tuberculata. AMARANTHACEAE. VOL. II. i. Acnida cannabina L. Salt-marsh Water- hemp. Fig. 1670. Acnida cannabina L. Sp. PI. 1027. 1753. A. rusocarpa Michx. FL Bor. Am. z : 234, pi, 50. 1803. Succulent, stem stout or slender (sometimes i' in diameter at the base), usually much branched, i-io tall, the branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate, acumi- nate but generally ^blunt-pointed and apiculate at the apex, 2'-6' long, i'-ii' wide, narrowed at the base, entire or slightly undulate; petiole usually shorter than the blade; staminate spikes i'-5' long, usually dense; sepals oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, acumi- nate or obtusish, cuspidate or mucronate ; fertile spikes dense or loose; stigmas slender, papillose-hispid, \" long ; utricle fleshy, indehiscent, 3~5-anglcd, subglobose or obovoid, i"-2" long when mature, becoming black, much longer than the bracts. In salt and brackish marshes, and up the rivers to fresh water, New Hampshire to Florida. Water-leaf. July-Aug. Acnida floridana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10 : 376, a more slender plant, of the southern Atlantic coast, with narrower slender-petioled leaves, the flowers in elongated interrupted spikes, and a smaller utricle, may occur in southern Virginia. 2. Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. Western Water-hemp. Fig. 1671, Amarantus tamariscinus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 165. 1833-37. Acnida tamariscina Wood, Bot. & FL 289. 1873. Similar to the preceding species, much branched, erect, the branches usually slender, erect-ascending. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, mostly long-acuminate., but sometimes obtuse at the apex and mucronate or cuspidate-tipped, narrowed at the . base, the petioles commonly shorter than the blades ; spikes mostly loose or interrupted, often 5' long; sepals lance- olate, subulate-acuminate ; stigmas plumose, rather short; utricle membranous, not angled, i"-i" long, cir- cumscissile; bractlets lanceolate, cuspidate. In swamps, Illinois to South Dakota, Texas and New Mexico. July-Sept. 3. Acnida tuberculata Moq. Rough- fruited Water-hemp. Fig. 1672. A. tuberculata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13-: 278. 1849. A. tamariscina subnuda S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 429. 1890. A. tamariscina concatenata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20 : 158. 1895. A. tamariscina prostrata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20 : 158. 1895. Erect ascending or prostrate, sometimes 10 high, the branches flexuous. Leaves lanceolate to rhombic- spatulate, acute or obtuse, 6' long or less; inflores- cence spicate, or glomerate in the axils ; utricle ovoid, often tubercled. irregularly dehiscent, about \" long. Swamps and river shores, Quebec to North Dakota, south to Kentucky, Louisiana and Missouri. Consists of several races, differing in size and habit. July-Sept. Celosia argentea L., a tall glabrous herb with white or pink flowers subtended by a bract and bractlets in a long dense spike, having 5 sepals, filaments adnate at the base, and the ovary with several ovules, widely dis- tributed in tropical regions, has been found as a waif in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. GENUS 3. AMARANTH FAMILY. 3. CLADOTHRIX Nutt.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13': 359. 1849. Annual or perennial diffusely branched stellate-pubescent herbs, with opposite entire or slightly undulate petioled leaves, and very small perfect 3-bracted flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils. Calyx of 5 equal pilose erect dry oblong i-nerved sepals. Stamens 5, hypogy- nous, their filaments united at the base, their anthers i-celled. Ovary subglobose; style short; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent. [Greek, branch-hair, from the stellate pubescence.] About 4 species, natives of southwestern North America and Mexico, the following the generic type. i. Cladothrix lanuginosa Xutt. Fig. 1673. Cladothrix. Achyranthcs lanuginosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 1 66. 1833-37. Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt. ; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13= : Part 2, 360, as synonym. 1849. Perennial, somewhat woody at the base, or sometimes annual, stem terete, much branched, sometimes thick- ened at the nodes, the branches prostrate or ascending, 4'-i2' long. Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate or rhombic- ovate, obtuse or acute, usually narrowed at the base, entire, inconspicuously veined, rather firm, 2"-i2" wide, the petioles shorter than or equalling the blades ; flow- ers i" broad or less, mostly clustered in the axils of small upper leaves toward the ends of the branches. In dry soil, South Dakota to Kansas, Texas, Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. June-Sept. 4. FROELICHIA Moench, Meth. 50. 1794. Annual, erect woolly or silky, branching or simple herbs, with opposite sessile entire or slightly undulate narrow leaves, or the lower and basal ones contracted into petioles. Flow- ers perfect, 3-bracted, often bracteolate, in panicled dense spikes. Calyx tubular, nearly terete, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, very woolly, its tube longitudinally crested and sometimes tuber- cled in fruit. Stamens 5, their filaments united into a tube, which is 5-cleft at the summit and bears the i-celled anthers between its lobes. Ovary ovoid; style slender or wanting; stigma capitate or penicillate. Utricle indehiscent, enclosed by the tube of united filaments. [Name in honor of J. A. Froelich, a German botanist.] About 12 species, all American. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the Southwestern States. Type species : Gomphrena interrupta L. Stout, 2-4 tall ; crests of fruiting calyx continuous, dentate. i. F. campestris. Slender, io'-2o' tall ; crests of fruiting calyx interrupted. 2. F. gracilis. i. Froelichia campestris Small. Prairie Froe- lichia. Fig. 1674. Froelichia campestris Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 397. 1903. Stem stout, woolly, 2-4 tall, the branches slender, erect-ascending, leafless above. Upper leaves linear or linear-oblong, sessile, acute or acuminate at both ends, i '-3' long, the lower spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, 3'-6' long, i'-i' wide, narrowed into margined petioles ; spikes mostly opposite, narrowly ovoid or oblong, obtuse or subacute, i'-i' long; fruiting calyx with prominent longitudinal wing-like toothed crests. In dry soil, Illinois and Minnesota to Nebraska and Colo- rado, Tennessee, Kansas and Texas. June-Sept. Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq. in which this was included in our first edition, has a hairy, not woolly stem and calyx-crests more deeply cut. It inhabits the Southern States and is recorded from Delaware. AMARANTHACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Froelichia gracilis Moq. Slender Froelichia. Fig. 1675. Froelichia gracilis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13--. 420. 1849. Similar to the preceding species but the stem slender, branched, especially from the base, or sometimes simple, io'-2o' tall. Leaves all linear or linear-oblong, acute at both ends, 9" -2' long, sessile or the lower commonly spatulate, obtusish and narrowed into very short peti- oles ; spikes alternate or opposite, oblong, mostly obtuse, i'-i' long; fruiting calyx with 5 longitudinal rows of processes or these confluent into interrupted crests. In dry soil, western Missouri and Nebraska to Colorado and Texas. June-Sept. Gomphrena globosa L., the Globe Amaranth, cultivated for ornament, native of the Old World tropics, with densely capitate red or white flowers, the filaments united into a long tube, has been found in waste grounds in Ohio. 5. IRESINE P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 358. 1756. Annual or perennial tall herbs, with opposite broad petioled thin leaves and very small polygamous perfect or dioecious 3-bracted white flowers, in large terminal panicles or pan- icled spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the pistillate usually woolly-pubescent. Stamens 5, rarely less ; filaments united by their bases, filiform; anthers i-celled. Utricle very small, subglobose, indehiscent. [Greek, in allusion to the woolly pubescence.] About 20 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following typical species another occurs in the southwestern United States. i. Iresine paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Blood- leaf. Juba's Bush. Fig. 1676. Cclosia paniculata L. Sp. PI. 206. 1753. Iresine celosioides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1456. 1763. Iresine paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 542. 1891. Annual, stem erect, usually branched, slender, 2-5 tall, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, 2 r -6' long, slender-petioled, pinnately veined, nearly or quite glabrous; flowers very numerous, i" broad or less, in large terminal much branched panicles; calyx and bracts silvery, dry; pistillate flowers white- villous at the base, about twice as long as the bracts. In dry soil, Ohio to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Widely distributed in tropical America. Aug.- Sept. Family 17. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 15. 1829. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete stems. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, exstipulate, simple, entire, toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere ridges). Flowers perfect, pistillate, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, small, green or greenish, regular, or slightly irregular, variously clustered, commonly in panicled spikes, bractless or bracteolate, occasionally solitary in the axils. Petals none. Calyx persistent, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, wanting in the pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as the lobes or divisions of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. Ovary mostly superior and free from the calyx, i-celled; ovule solitary, amphitropous ; styles 1-3; stigmas capitate, or 2-3-lobed or divided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous pericarp. Seed vertical or GENUS i. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 9 horizontal ; endosperm mealy, fleshy or wanting ; embryo partly or completely annular or conduplicate, or spirally coiled. Abouf 75 genera and 550 species, of wide geographic distribution. * Embryo annular or conduplicate, not spirally coiled; endosperm copious (except in Salicorma and Kochia). Leafy herbs ; endosperm copious. Fruit enclosed by or not longer than the calyx or bractlets. Flowers perfect or some of them pistillate ; calyx herbaceous or fleshy. Calyx 2-s-lobed or 2-5-parted ; stamens 1-5. Fruiting calyx wingless, its segments often keeled. Calyx herbaceous or but slightly fleshy in fruit ; flowers mostly in panicled spikes. j. Chenopodiuin. Fruiting calyx dry, strongly reticulated ; leaves pinnatifid. 2. Roubiei'a. Calyx very fleshy and bright red in fruit ; flowers densely capitate. 3. Blitum. Fruiting calyx horizontally winged. Endosperm mealy ; leaves sinuate-dentate. 4. Cycloloma. Endosperm none ; leaves linear, entire. 5. Kochia. Calyx of i sepal ; stamen i. 6. Monolepis. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of pistillate flowers none ; fruit enclosed by 2 bractlets. Bractlets flat or convex, not silky. 7. Atriplex. Bractlets silky-pubescent, conduplicate. 8. Eurotia. Calyx of both kinds of flowers 3~s-parted ; fruit ebracteolate. 9. Axyris. Fruit much exserted beyond the i-sepaled calyx; flowers perfect. 10. Corispermum. Leafless fleshy herbs with opposite branches; endosperm none. n. Salicornia. ** Embryo spirally coiled; endosperm little or none. Shrub ; flowers monoecious, not bracteolate. 12. Sarcobatus. Herbs ; flowers perfect, bracteolate. Fruiting calyx wingless; leaves fleshy, not spiny. 13. Dondia. Fruiting calyx bordered by a thin horizontal wing; leaves very spiny. 14. Salsola. i. CHENOPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Annual or perennial, green and glabrous, white-mealy or glandular-pubescent herbs, with alternate petioled entire sinuate-dentate or pinnately lobed leaves. Flowers very small, green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered in axillary or terminal, often panicled or com- pound spikes. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, embracing or enclosing the utricle, its seg- ments or lobes herbaceous or slightly fleshy, often keeled or ridged. Stamens 1-5 ; filaments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3; seed horizontal or vertical, sometimes in both positions in different flowers of the same plant, firmly attached to or readily separable from the pericarp ; endosperm mealy, farinaceous ; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goose-foot, from the shape of the leaves.] About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Chenopodiuin rtibrum L. * Embryo a complete ring; plants not glandular. Leaves white-mealy on the lower surface (except in some races of No. i). Leaves or some of them mostly sinuate-toothed or lobed. Sepals strongly keeled in fruit. Pericarp firmly attached to the seed ; stem erect, tall. i. C. album. Pericarp readily detached from the seed ; stem low. 2. C. incanum. Sepals not keeled in fruit ; stem decumbent. 3. C. glaucum. Leaves mostly entire. Leaves linear to oblong, short-petioled. 4. C. leptophyllum. Leaves broadly ovate, long-petioled. 5. C. Vulvaria. Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces when mature. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, entire. 6. C.polyspermutn. Leaves, at least the lower, sinuate, toothed or incised. Stamens 5 ; calyx not fleshy. Pericarp readily separable from the seed. Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled. 7. C. Boscianum. Leaves triangular-hastate ; calyx-lobes keeled. 8. C. Fremontii. Pericarp firmly attached to the seed. Flower-clusters, at least the upper, longer than the leaves. 9. C. urbicum, Spikes loosely panicled in the axils, the panicles shorter than the leaves. 10. C. murale. Stamens only i or 2 ; calyx slightly fleshy, red. 12. C. nibnim. Leaves very coarsely 2-6-toothed. n. C. hybridum. Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, entire or merely undulate. 13. C. Bonus-Henricus. ** Embryo an incomplete ring; plants glandular aromatic. Leaves ovate or oblong, pinnately lobed; flowers in long loose panicles. 14. C.Botrys. Leaves lanceolate; flowers in continuous or interrupted spikes. 15. C. ambrosioides. IO CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. i. Chenopodum album L. Lamb's Quarters. White Goosefoot. Pigweed. ' A " Fig. 1677. Chenopodium album L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Chenopodium viride L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. C. Berlandieri Moq. Enum. Chenop. 23. 1840. C. paganum Reichenb. Fl. Germ. 579. 1830. Chenopodium album viride Moq. in DC. Prodr. I3 : : 71. 1849. Annual, stem striate and grooved at least when dry, erect, commonly branched, i-io tall. Leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, acute, cuspidate or sometimes obtuse at the apex, 3- nerved. white-mealy beneath or sometimes green on both sides, dentate, sinuate lobed, or entire, I '-4' long; petioles often as long as the blades; spikes terminal and axillary, often panicled ; calyx about \" broad in fruit, its segments strongly keeled, usually completely enclosing the utricle; styles short, seed horizontal, black, shin- ing, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a complete ring. In waste places. A common weed throughput North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Wild spinach. Frost- blite. Baconweed. Muckweed. Fat-hen. June-Sept. Consists of many races. 2. Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller. Mealy Goosefoot. Fig. 1678. C. Fremonti incanum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9 : 94. 1874. C. incanum Heller, Plant World i : 23. 1897. Annual, densely white-mealy nearly or quite to the base, usually much-branched, i high or less, the branches ascending. Leaves ovate to rhombic, i'-i' long, often nearly as wide as long, few-toothed with rather blunt teeth or some of them entire, paler beneath than above, the slender petioles mostly shorter than the blades ; spikes short, borne in the upper axils and in terminal panicles ; calyx densely mealy. In dry soil, Nebraska to Wyoming, Kansas and Ari- zona. May-July. 3. Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Fig. 1679. Chenopodium glaitcnin L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. Blitum glaucum Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 608. 1837. Annual, succulent, stem usually much branched, decumbent or prostrate, or with erect branches, 4'- 18' high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, slender-petioled or the uppermost nearly sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, white-mealy beneath, dark green above, i '-2' long, the lower or all of them sinuate-dentate or lobed ; flowers in small axillary often branched spikes, the clusters usually shorter than the leaves, or the upper panicled ; calyx about $" broad, its segments oblong or obovate, obtuse, neither fleshy nor keeled in fruit ; utricle brown, depressed, its summit not completely covered by the calyx ; styles short ; seed sharp edged, that of lateral flowers ver- tical, somewhat exserted, that of terminal flowers commonly horizontal ; embryo a complete ring. A weed in waste places throughout North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe ; now found in most cultivated areas of the globe. June- Sept. GENUS i. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. II 4. Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. Narrow-leaved Goose foot. Fig. 1680. Chenopodium album var. leptophyllum Moq. in DC. Prodr. I3 2 : 71. 1849. Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. ; Moq. in DC. Prodr. I3 2 : 71. As synonym. 1849. Chenopodium leptophyllum var. oblongifolium S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9 : 95. 1874. Chenopodium leptophyllum subglabrum S. Wats. Prop. Am. Acad. 9: 95. 1874. C. oblongifolium Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 137. 1906. Annual, scarcely succulent, stem slender, usually erect, striate or grooved, at least when dry, branched, 6'-2i tall, mealy above, the branches erect-ascend- ing. Leaves linear to oblong, white-mealy beneath, green above, acute or acuminate, or the lower ob- tuse, entire or the lower rarely toothed, short-peti- oled, i'-ii' long, i"-3" wide, i-3-nerved; flowers in continuous or interrupted axillary and terminal simple or branched spikes; calyx about \" broad, its segments strongly keeled and nearly covering the fruit; styles short; seed horizontal, readily de- tached from the pericarp ; embryo a complete ring. In dry soil, Manitoba to Wisconsin, Missouri, New Mexico and Arizona. Also on the shores of Lake Erie and on sands of the seashore, Maine to New Jersey. July-Sept. 5. Chenopodium Vulvaria L. Stinking Goose- foot. Fig. 1 68 1. Chenopodium Vulraria L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. Annual, white-mealy, unpleasantly odorous, much branched, the procumbent branches i long or more. Leaves broadly ovate, entire, i' long or less, the slender petioles about as long as the blades; flowers in dense short axillary and terminal simple or branched spikes mostly shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments ovate- lanceolate, keeled in fruit, obtusish ; seed horizontal, shining, the pericarp coherent; styles short. Waste grounds, Ontario to Delaware and Florida. Ad- ventive from Europe. July-Sept. 6. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Many- seeded Goosefbot. Fig. 1682. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Sp. PL 220. 1753. Annual, glabrous, not mealy, stem stout or slen- der, erect or decumbent, commonly much branched, striate, 6'-3 high. Leaves oblong, elliptic or ovate, slender-petioled, entire, thin, green on both sides, obtuse at the apex, narrowed rounded or truncate at the base, i'-3' long, 4"-:*' wide; flowers in loose axillary and terminal panicles; calyx less than i" wide, its segments oblong, subacute or obtuse, some- what scarious, not keeled, not completely covering the top of the fruit; styles short; seed firmly at- tached -to the pericarp, horizontal; embryo a com- plete ring. In waste places and ballast, Massachusetts to New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept. Allseed. 12 CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Bosc's Goose foot. Fig. 1683. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Enum. Chenop. 21. 1840. Annual, light green, stem slender, erect, striate, usually much branched, i-3 tall, the branches very slender, divergent or ascending. Leaves thin, green on both sides, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender- petioled, \'-2\' long, the lower sinuate-dentate or nearly all of them entire ; flowers in slender terminal and axil- lary spikes ; calyx-segments broadly oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined, not keeled, or scarcely so in fruit, herbaceous, nearly covering the utricle; styles short; seed horizontal, readily separating from the pericarp, black, shining; embryo completely annular. In woods and thickets, Connecticut to New Jersey, Indiana and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Texas. July-Sept. 8. Chenopodium Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Goosefoot. Fig. 1684. Chenopodium Fremontii S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 287. 1871. Annual, glabrous or very nearly so, light green, stem stout or slender, erect, grooved, branched, i- 3 tall. Leaves thin, green on both sides, broadly triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate or the upper en- tire, mostly obtuse at the apex, truncate or abruptly narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, i'~4 long and nearly as wide, the uppermost sometimes very small, oblong or lanceolate and acute; spikes slen- der, axillary to the upper leaves and in terminal panicles; calyx \" wide, its segments keeled in fruit, and nearly enclosing the utricle ; pericarp easily separable from the seed; seed horizontal, shining; embryo completely annular. In woods and thickets, South Dakota and Nebraska to Montana and Nevada, south to New Mexico, Arizona and northern Mexico. July-Sept. 9. Chenopodium urbicum L. Upright or City Goosefoot. Fig. 1685. Chenopodium urbicum L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Annual, green or but slightly mealy, stem com- monly stout, erect, branched or simple, channeled, i-3 tall. Leaves hastate or triangular-ovate, acute at the apex, truncate subcordate or abruptly narrowed at the base, stout-petioled, coarsely and irregularly dentate or the uppermost entire, the larger 3'-s' long ; spikes in terminal and axillary narrow erect panicles, the upper longer than the leaves ; calyx i" broad, its segments oblong, ob- tuse, herbaceous, not keeled and not entirely en- closing the fruit; styles short; seed horizontal, rather firmly attached to the pericarp, its margins rounded ; embryo a complete ring. In waste places, especially in the cities, Nova Sco- tia and Ontario to southern New York. Adventive from Europe. Much less common than the following species. June-Sept. GENUS I. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. io. Chenopodum murale L. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Sow-bane. Fig. 1686. Chenopodium murale L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Annual, scarcely or not at all mealy, some- what scurfy above, stem erect or decumbent, usually branched, i-2j high, leafy to the sum- mit. Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green on both sides, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply and coarsely sinuate-dentate, broadly cuneate or subtruncate at the base, slender- petioled, 2'-4' long; flowers in loose axillary panicles shorter than the leaves, often not longer than the petioles ; calyx-segments not entirely enclosing the utricle ; styles short ; seed sharp- edged, horizontal, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo completely annular; stamens 5. In waste places, Maine to Michigan and British Columbia, south to Florida and Mexico. Natural- ized from Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in civilized regions. June-Sept. 11. Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Fig. 1687. Chenopodium hybridum L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Annual, bright green, not mealy, sometimes more or less scurfy; stem slender, erect, usually branched, 2-4J tall. Leaves ovate or rhombic- ovate, long-acuminate at the apex, truncate rounded or subcordate at the base, thin, slender- petioled, sharply dentate with 1-4 large acute teeth on each side, or the upper lanceolate and entire, the lower 4'-?' long; flowers in large axillary and terminal panicles; calyx about i" broad, its segments oblong, rather obtuse, herba- ceous, slightly keeled, incompletely covering the fruit ; stamens 5 ; styles short ; seed horizontal, sharp-edged, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a complete ring. In woods and thickets, sometimes in waste places, Quebec to British Columbia, south to southeastern New York, Kentucky, Arkansas, Utah and New Mexico. Also in Europe. Sow-bane, Swine's-bane. July-Sept. 12. Chenopodium rubrum L. Red Goosefoot.^ Pigweed. Fig. 1688. Chenopodium rubrum L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Blitian rubrum Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582. 1830-32. Annual, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, not mealy, stem erect, leafy, i-2i tall, often much branched, the branches strict or ascending. Leaves thick, ii'-4' long, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, petioled, acute acuminate or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, coarsely sinuate-dentate or the upper entire; flowers in erect compound leafy- bracted axillary and terminal spikes often exceed- ing the leaves; calyx 3-5-parted, its segments slightly fleshy, red, not keeled, obtuse, about as long as the utricle; stamens I or 2; styles short; seed horizontal, \" wide, shining, rather sharp- edged, separating from the pericarp; embryo annular. On the seacoast, Newfoundland to New Jersey, and in saline soil in the interior across the continent, south to central New York, Nebraska and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. Swine's-bane. July-Sept. Chenopodium humile Hook., of similar situations, is lower, has flowers in axillary clusters and a smaller seed, and may be specifically distinct. CHENOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 13. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Good King Henry. Perennial Goosefoot. Fig. 1689. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Blitnin Bonus-Henricus Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582. 1830-32. Perennial by a thick rootstock, glabrous, dark green, not mealy ; stem erect, usually stout, simple or little branched, channeled, i-2i tall. Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, palmately veined, entire or undulate (rarely with I or 2 small teeth), the apex and basal lobes usually acute, the lower long- petioled (petiole often twice as long as the blade), the upper much smaller and short-petioled ; flowers in terminal and axillary, simple or panicled, com- monly dense spikes sometimes 3'-4' long ; calyx 4- 5-parted, the segments not longer than the fruit ; styles elongate ; seed vertical, or that of terminal flowers horizontal, black, shining, blunt-edged ; embryo a complete ring. In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Massa- chusetts and southern New York. Naturalized from Europe. All good. English mercury. Wild spinach. Fat-hen. Roman plant. Elite. Mercury-goosefoot. Smiddy-leaves. Markery. June-Sept. 14. Chenopodium Botrys L. Feather Geranium. Jerusalem Oak. Fig. 1690. Chenopodium Botrys L. Sp PI. 219. 1753. Annual, green, glandular-pubescent and viscid, strong-scented; stem slender, erect, simple or branched, 8'-2 tall. Leaves ovate or oblong, deeply and usually irregularly pinnately lobed, acute or obtuse at the apex, petioled, $'-2' long, or the upper- most much smaller, the lobes mostly obtuse and dentate ; flowers in numerous loose axillary cymose panicles mostly longer than the leaves ; calyx 3~5-parted, the segments lanceolate, acute, thin, very pubescent, rather longer than the utricle ; seed horizontal or vertical, firmly attached to the peri- carp ; embryo an incomplete ring. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Wash- ington, southeastern New York, Kentucky and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. The leaves fall in autumn, leaving the panicles as narrow naked wands. Turnpike-geranium. Hindheal. Ambrose. July-Sept. Chenopodium incisum Poir., of tropical America, with puberulent flowers and acute leaf-lobes is reported as established in Maine. 15- Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican Tea. Fig. 1691. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Chenopodium anthelminticum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 408. 1867. Annual or southward perennial, glabrous or slightly glandular-pubescent, green, not mealy, strong-scented, stem much branched, ascending or erect, leafy, 2-3i high, angular and grooved. Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, petioled, repand-dentate, undu- late, coarsely dentate, incised, or the upper en- tire, i '-5' long, the upper numerous and much smaller ; flowers in small dense axillary often leafy spikes, mostly shorter than the subtending leaves ; calyx usually 3-parted, completely en- closing the fruit ; pericarp readily separable from the seed ; seed horizontal or vertical, shining ; embryo an incomplete ring. In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Florida, west across the continent to California. Natural- ized from tropical America. Introduced as a weed also into southern Europe and Asia. Consists of numerous races, the spikes leafy to leafless. Aug.- Oct. GENUS 2. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 2. ROUBIEVA Moq. Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) i: 292. 1834. A perennial herb, glandular-pubescent, strong-scented, prostrate, and diffusely branched, with narrow small short-petioled deeply pinnatitid leaves. Flowers small, green, perfect, or pistillate, solitary, or in small axillary clusters. Calyx urn-shaped, 3-5-toothed, narrowed at the throat, in fruit becoming obovoid, strongly reticulated and closed. Stamens 5. Styles 3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp thin, glandular. Seed vertical. Embryo a com- plete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Name in honor of G. J. Roubieu, French botanist.] A monotypic genus of South America, often included in Chenopodium. i. Roubieva multifida (L.) Moq. Cut- leaved Goosefoot. Fig. 1692. Chenopodium mitltifiditm L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. multifida Moq. Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) I : 293. pi. 10. 1834. Usually much branched, very leafy, prostrate, or the branches ascending, 6'-i8' long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong in outline, i'-ii' long, iJ"-4" wide, deeply pin- natifid into linear-oblong acute entire or toothed lobes ; flowers 1-5 together in the axils, sessile, less than \" broad, some perfect, some pistillate; fruiting calyx obovoid, obtuse, 3-nerved and strongly reticulate-veined, \" thick; utricle com- pressed. In waste places and ballast, southern New York to Virginia. Naturalized or adventive from tropi- cal America. June-Sept. 3. BLITUM L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. Annual glabrous or sparingly pubescent succulent branching herbs, with alternate has- tate petioled rather light green leaves. Flowers small, green, or reddish, aggregated in glo- bose axillary sessile heads, or the upper heads forming an interrupted spike. Calyx 2-5- lobed, becoming pulpy and bright red in fruit. Stamens 1-5. Pericarp separating from the seed. Seed vertical, shining. Embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [The classical name of orache.j One or perhaps two species, natives of North America and Europe, the following the ge- neric type. i. Blitum capitatum L. Strawberry Elite or Spinach. Fig. 1693. Blitum capitatum L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. Chenopodium capitatum Aschers. Fl. Brand. 572. 1864. Stem ascending, erect, or prostrate, 6'-2 long, commonly much branched, the branches ascending. Leaves usually longer than wide, il'-3' long, rather thin, sinuate-dentate, or the upper or sometimes all of them entire, cordate or reniform, the apex and basal lobes acute or acuminate ; lower petioles often longer than the blades; heads sessile in the axils and on the sides of the upper part of the stem or branches, 2"-$' in diameter in flower, becoming bright red and s"-8" in diameter in fruit, and then somewhat resembling strawberries; seed com- pressed, ovate, enclosed by the calyx, or when quite mature slightly exserted. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah and to Nevada. Also- in Europe. Indian paint. Indian strawberry. June-Aug. i6 CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 4. CYCLOLOMA Moq. Enum. Chenop. 17. 1840. An annual diffusely branched glabrous or cobwebby-pubescent herb, with alternate peti- oled irregularly toothed leaves, and small sessile bractless perfect or pistillate flowers in panicled interrupted spikes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes keeled in flower, a thin horizontal irregularly dentate wing developing below them in fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Fruit (except its summit) enclosed by the calyx, depressed. Seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Greek, circle-border, alluding to the calyx-wing.] A monotypic genus of north central North America. i. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Winged Pigweed. Fig. 1694. Kochia atriplicifolia Spreng. Xactr. Fl. Hal. 2 : 35. 1801. Cycloloma platyphyllum Moq. Enum. Chenop. 18. 1840. C. atriplicifolium Coult. Mem. Torr. Club 5: 143. 1894. Pale green or becoming dark purple, bushy- branched, 6'-2o' high, the stem and branches angu- lar and striate. Leaves lanceolate, mostly acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed into slender petioles, irregularly sinuate-dentate with acute teeth, i'-3' long or the upper much smaller; spikes numerous in terminal panicles, loosely flowered, i'-3' long, slender ; fruit, including the winged calyx, 2" broad ; calyx-lobes not completely covering the summit of the utricle, which appears as a 5-rayed area. Along streams and on banks, Manitoba to Indiana and Illinois, Nebraska and Arizona. Tumble-weed. Occasional in waste grounds farther east. Summer. 5. KOCHIA Roth; Schrad. Journ. Bot. i: 307. pi. 2. 1799. Perennial or annual herbs or low shrubs, with alternate sessile narrow entire leaves, and perfect or pistillate flowers, sometimes bracteolate, clustered in the axils. Calyx 5-lobed, herbaceous or membranous, wingless, or sometimes developing a horizontal wing, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 3-5, their filaments linear. Ovary ovoid, narrowed upward into the style; stigmas 2. Utricle pear-shaped or oblong, the pericarp membranous, not adherent to the seed. Seed inverted; the testa thin; embryo annular; endosperm none. [Name in honor of W. D. J. Koch, 1771-1849, Director of the Botanical Garden at Erlangen.] About 35 species, mostly natives of the Old World, the following introduced from Europe. An indigenous species, K. amcricana, occurs in the western United States. Type species: Kochia Scoparia (.L.) Roth. Kochia Scoparia (L.) Roth. Fig. 1695. Kochia. Chenopodium Scoparia L. Sp. PI. 221. 1753. Kochia Scoparic Roth ; Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. 3 : 85. 1809. Annual, pubescent or becoming glabrate, stem erect, slender, rather strict, branched, leafy, i- 2i tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, cili- ate, acuminate at the apex, i'-2 f long, i"-2" wide, the upper gradually smaller ; flowers sessile, in the axils of the upper leaves, forming short dense bracted spikes ; fruiting calyx-segments each with a short triangular horizontal wing. In waste places, Ontario, Vermont and northern New York. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. Belvedere-, broom- or summer-cypress. July- Sept. Bassia hirsuta, a related pubescent annual, native of Europe, has been found in Massachusetts and New Jersey. Its fruiting calyx is not winged. GENUS 6. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 6. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Ind. Sem. Gott. 4. 1830. Low annual branching herbs, with small narrow alternate entire toothed or lobed leaves, and polygamous or perfect flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx of a single persistent herbaceous sepal. Stamen i. Styles 2, slender. Utricle flat, the pericarp adherent to the smooth vertical seed. Embryo a very nearly complete ring in the mealy endosperm, its radicle turned downward. [Greek, single-scale, from the solitary sepal.] About 5 species, natives of western North America and northern Asia. Type species : Mono- Icpis trifida Schrad. i. Monolepis Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene. Monolepis. Fig. 1696. Blitum chenopodioides Nutt. Gen. I : 4. 1818. Not Lam. 1783. IHittim Nuttallianum R. & S. Mant. i : 65. 1822. Monolepis chenopodioides Moq. in DC. Prodr. I3 2 : 85. 1849. Monolepis Nuttalliana Greene, Fl. Fran. 168. 1891. Slightly mealy when young, pale green, glabrous or nearly so when old ; stem 3'-i2' high ; branches many, ascending. Leaves lanceolate in outline, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, i'-2$' long, narrowed at the base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe lin- ear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times as long as the ascending lateral ones ; flowers clus- tered in the axils; sepal oblanceolate or spatulate, acute or subacute ; pericarp minutely pitted, about i" broad; margins of the seed acute. In alkaline or dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico and southern California. June-Sept. 7. ATRIPLEX [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1052. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alternate, petioled or sessile, or soime of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in panicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bract- less, consisting of a 3~S-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens ; filaments separate or united by their bases ; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Pistillate flowers sdb- tended by 2 bractlets which enlarge in fruit and are more or less united, sometimes quite to their summits, their margins entire or toothed, their sides smooth, crested, tubercled or winged ; perianth none ; ovary globose or ovoid ; stigmas 2. Utricle completely or par- tially enclosed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical or rarely horizontal ; embryo annular, the radicle pointing upward or downward; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name of orache.] About 130 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 50 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Atriplcx hortcnsis L. Annual herbs ; stems or branches erect, diffuse or ascending. Leaves hastate, ovate to rhombic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Plant green, glabrous or sparingly scurfy, not silvery ; leaves slender-petioled. i. A. hastata. Plant very scurfy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, short-petioled. 2. A. rosea. Plant densely silvery ; leaves hastate, entire or little toothed. 3. A. argentea. Leaves oblong, densely silvery, entire ; plant of sea beaches. 4. A. arenaria, Perennial herbs or shrubs ; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire ; plants of the western plains. Fruiting bractlets suborbicular, wingless, their sides crested or tubercled. 5. A.Nuttallii. Fruiting bractlets appendaged by 4 vertical reticulated wings. 6. A. canescens. i8 CHENOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. i. Atriplex hastata L. Halberd-leaved Orache. Fig. 1697. Atriplex hastata L. Sp. PI. 1053. 1753. Atriplex patula L. Sp. PI. 1053. 1753. Atriplex littoralis L. Sp. PL 1054. 1753. A. patulum var. hastatum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 409. 1867. Annual, green or purple, somewhat scurfy, at least when young; stems erect, diffuse or ascending, branched, i-3 tall. Leaves slender-petioled, acuminate, linear-lanceolate to broadly triangular- hastate, entire or sparingly toothed, i'-6' long, truncate or narrowed at the base, the basal lobes divergent, acute or acuminate; flowers in panicled interrupted slender mostly leafless spikes, and usu- ally also capitate in the upper axils ; fruiting bract- lets united only at the base, fleshy, triangular or rhombic, 3"-4" wide, their sides often tubercled; radicle of the embryo ascending. In salt meadows and waste places, most abundant near the coast, Nova Scotia to South Carolina, Ohio and Mis- souri and in saline soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, Nebraska and Utah and on the Pacific Coast. Also in Europe. Consists of many races, differing in leaf-form and in width of the bractlets. Lamb's-quarters. Fat-hen. Aug.-Oct. 2. Atriplex rosea L. Red Orache. Fig. 1698. Atriplex rosea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1493. 1763. Annual, pale green and very scurf}', stem erect or de- cumbent, usually much branched, i-2$ high. Leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, short-petioled or the upper ses- sile, coarsely sinuate-dentate, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, i'-3i' long, i'-3$' wide, often turning red; flowers mostly in axil- lary capitate clusters, often dense, or some in few ter- minal spikes; fruiting bractlets broadly ovate or trian- gular-hastate, strongly veined, mealy-white, dry, about 3" broad, united only at their bases, their margins toothed or lacerate and sides tubercled. In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia to New York and New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. Aug.-Oct. 3. Atriplex argentea Nutt. Silvery Orache. Saltweed. Fig. 1699. Atriplex argentea Nutt. Gen. i : 198. 1818. Atriplex volutans A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 203. 1898. Annual, pale, densely silvery-scurfy or becoming smooth, stem erect or ascending, bushy-branched, 6'-2o' high, angular. Leaves firm, triangular- hastate or rhombic-ovate, mostly acute at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, petioled or the upper sessile, entire or sparingly dentate, \'-2.' long, the basal lobes short ; flowers in capitate axillary clusters, or the staminate in short dense spikes; fruiting bractlets suborbicular, rhombic or broader than high, 2" -4" wide, united nearly to their summits, the margins sharply toothed, the sides sometimes tubercled or crested; radicle of the embryo pointing downward. In dry or saline soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado and Utah. June-Sept. Atriplex expansa S. Wats., admitted into our first edition, is not definitely known within our area. GENUS /. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 4. Atriplex arenaria Xutt. Sea-beach Atriplex. Fig. 1700. Atriplex arenaria Xutt. Gen. i : 198. 1818. Annual, pale, densely silvery-scurfy; stem bushy-branched, 6'-i8' high, the branches ascend- ing or decumbent, angular, slender. Leaves oblong, entire, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, very short-petioled or sessile, i'-ii' long, 2\"- 10" wide, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral veins few and obscure; flowers in axillary clusters much shorter than the leaves ; fruiting bractlets triangular wedge-shaped, broadest above, 2"-$" wide, united nearly to the several- toothed summits, their margins entire, their sides reticulated, or sometimes crested or tubercled; radicle of the embryo pointing downward. On sandy sea beaches, Massachusetts to Florida. July-Sept. 5. Atriplex Nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall's Atriplex. Fig. 1701. A. Nuttallii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 116. 1874. A finely scurfy pale green shrub, i-2i tall, the branches erect or ascending, rather stiff, striate or terete, leafy, the bark nearly white. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, entire, -2' long, 2"-$" wide ; flowers in terminal spikes and capitate clustered in the axils, often strictly dioecious; fruiting bractlets ovate or suborbicular, united to above the middle, i*"-2i" broad, the margins toothed, the sides crested, tubercled or spiny. In dry or saline soil, Manitoba to Saskatchewan, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. Aug.-Oct. 6. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) James. Bushy Atriplex. Fig. 1702. Calligonum canescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 370. 1814. Atriplex canescens James, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 2: 178. 1825. A pale densely scurfy shrub, i-3 high, re- sembling the preceding species and with simi- lar foliage. Flowers in short terminal spikes and in axillary clusters, commonly dioecious, sometimes monoecious ; bractlets ovate in flower, united nearly to their summits ; in fruit appen- daged by 4 broad thin distinct wings, which are 2"-4" broad at the middle and usually about twice as high, strongly reticulate-veined, not tubercled nor crested, toothed near their summits or entire. In dry or saline soil. South Dakota to Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico, west to Oregon and California. Sage-brush. Cenizo. July-Sept. 8. EUROTIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 260. 1763. Pubescent perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate entire narrow leaves and monoe- cious or dioecious flowers, capitate or spicate in the axils. Staminate flowers not bracteolate, consisting of a 4-parted calyx and as many exserted stamens. Pistillate flowers 2-bracteolate, the bractlets united nearly or quite to their summits, densely covered with long silky hairs, 2-horned ; calyx none ; ovary ovoid, sessile, pubescent ; styles 2, exserted. Seed vertical ; 2O CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. embryo nearly annular in the mealy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [From the Greek for hoariness or mould.] Two known species, the following of western North America ; the other, of western Asia and eastern Europe is_the generic type. i. Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. American Eurotia. White Sage. Fig. 1703. Diotis lanata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 602. 1814. Eurotia lanata Moq,. Enum. Chenop. 81. 1840. A stellate-pubescent erect much-branched shrub i-3 high, the hairs long, white when young, becom- ing reddish brown, the branches ascending, very leafy. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, i'-2' long, 2"-$." wide, their margins revolute, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins few ; flowers monoecious, densely capitate in the upper axils, form- ing terminal leafy spikes ; bracts lancolate, 2"-^" long in fruit, appendaged by 4 tufts of spreading hairs; calyx-lobes acute, pubescent ; utricle loose, the pericarp readily separating from the large seed. In dry soil, Saskatchewan to western Nebraska, Texas, California and Washington. Winter-fat. Romeria. June- Sept. 9. AXYRIS L. Sp. PI. 979. 1753. Annual herbs with alternate entire petioled leaves and small monoecious flowers, the pistillate ones pilose or villous, the staminate ones uppermost, very small. Staminate calyx 3~5-parted ; stamens 2-5. Pistillate calyx 3-4-parted; ovary suborbicular, somewhat flattened; stigmas 2, filiform, connate at the base. Utricle obovate to cuneate, winged or crested at the apex, enclosed in the perianth. Seed erect; embryo horseshoe-shaped; endosperm copious. [Greek, mild to the taste.] Five or six species, natives of northern Asia, the following typical. i. Axyris amarantoides L. Upright Axyris. Fig. 1704. Axyris amarantoides L. Sp. PI. 979. 1753. Erect, often much branched, i-2 high, pubes- cent, the slender branches ascending. Leaves ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, entire, acute or obtusish, narrowed at the base, thin, li'~3' long, the slender petioles 3"-7" long; staminate flow- ers minute, glomerate-spicate; fruit oval or obo- vate, more or less winged at the top, flattened. Waste and cultivated grounds, Manitoba and North . Dakota. Naturalized from Russia or Siberia. 10. CORISPERMUM [A. Juss.] L. Sp. PI- 4- 1753- Annual herbs, with alternate narrow entire i-nerved leaves, and perfect bractless small green flowers, solitary in the upper axils, forming terminal narrow leafy spikes, the upper leaves shorter and broader than the lower. Calyx of a solitary thin broad sepal, or rarely 2. Stamens 1-3, rarely more, and one of them longer. Ovary ovoid, styles 2. Utricle ellipsoid, mostly plano-convex, the pericarp firmly adherent to the vertical seed, its margins acute or winged. Embryo annular in the somewhat fleshy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [Greek, bug-seed.] About 10 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones the following typical. GENUS 10. GOOSEFOOT FAMIL^. 21 i. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Bug-seed. Fig. 1705. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Sp. PI. 4. 1753. Glabrous or pubescent, rather pale green, somewhat fleshy, stem striate, erect, sometimes zigzag, usually much branched, 6'-2 tall, the branches slender, ascending or divergent, spar- ingly leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, \'-2' long, i"-2" wide, cuspidate at the apex; upper leaves ovate or lanceolate, appressed-as- cending, or at length spreading, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, i'-J' long, scarious-margined ; utricle ii"-2" long, i"-i" thick, narrowly winged, obtuse, subacute or mucronate by the persistent styles. In sandy soil, shores of the Great Lakes to the Northwest Territory, Arctic America and British Columbia, south to Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Also in Europe and Asia. Bugweed. Tumble-weed. Corispermum nitidum Kit. (C. hyssopifolium microcarpum S. Wats.) with smaller fruit and upper leaves usually not imbricated, is a race of this, or a closely related species, ranging from Nebraska to Texas and Arizona and also occurring in Europe. ii. SALICORNIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. Fleshy glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with opposite terete branches, the leaves reduced to mere opposite scales at the nodes, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper ones, forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate. Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3~4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit, deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted; filaments cylindric, short; anthers oblong, large ; ovary ovoid ; styles or stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by the spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed erect, compressed ; embryo conduplicate ; endosperm none. [Name Greek, salt-horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.] About 10 species, natives of saline soil, widely distributed in both the Old World and the New. Only the following are known to inhabit North America. Type species : Salicornia europaea L. Annuals ; stems mostly erect. Scales very short, acute or blunt; spikes i"-ij4" in diameter. Scales mucronate-tipped ; spikes 2" -3" in diameter. Perennial by a woody rootstock ; stems trailing or decumbent. 1. S. europaea. 2. S.Bigelovii. 3. S.ambigua. i. Salicornia europaea L. Slenderer Jointed Glasswort. Fig. 1706. 1753. Salicornia europaea and var. herbacea L. Sp. PL 3. Salicornia herbacea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 5. 1762. Salicornia rubra A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 122. 1899. S. europaea prostrata Fernald, Rhodora 9: 206. 1907. Annual, 6'-2 tall, stem usually erect, much branched, the branches slender, ascending, spreading or nearly upright, their joints 2-4 times as long as thick. Scales acute or rather obtuse, i" long or less, broadly ovate or wider than long; fruiting spikes i '-3' long, about ii" in diameter; middle flower of the 3 at each joint twice as high as the lateral ones, reaching nearly or quite to the top of the joint; utricle pubescent. In salt marshes, Anticosti to Georgia ; about salt springs in central New York ; in saline soil from Mani- toba to British Columbia, south to Kansas and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. The plant often turns bright red in autumn, forming vividly colored areas, hence called Marsh-samphire. Frog-, crab- or sea-grass. Pickle-plant. Saltwort. English sea-grass.. Chickens'- toes. July-Sept. fHENOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bigelow's Glasswort. Fig. 1707. Salicornia mucronata Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 2. 1824. Not Lag. 1817. Salicornia virginica Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13": 145. 1849. Not. L. 1753. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 184. 1859. Annual, stem and branches stout, erect or nearly so, 2,'-i2 r tall. Scales ovate or trian- gular-ovate, sharply mucronate, i"-ii" long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes i'-2i' long, 2 "-3" in diameter, their joints not longer than thick; middle flower slightly higher than the lateral ones, reaching very nearly to the end of the joint; utricle pu- bescent. In salt marshes. Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. Also in the Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico and on the Pacific Coast. Plant bright red in autumn. July-Sept. 3. Salicornia ambigua Michx. Woody Glasswort. Fig. 1708. Salicornia ambigua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 2. 1803. Perennial by a woody rootstock, stem trail- ing or decumbent, 6'-2 long, the branches ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite simple, rather long-jointed, 3'-8' long. Scales broadly ovate or wider than high, acute or obtuse, appressed or slightly divergent; fruit- ing spikes i'-ij' long, about 2" in diameter, their joints not longer than thick; flowers all about equally high and about equalling the joints. On sea beaches and salt meadows, New Hamp- shire to Florida and Texas, and on the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to California. Bermuda ; Bahamas ; Cuba to Santa Cruz. Aug.- Sept. 12. SARCOBATUS Nees in Max. Reise N. A. i : 510. 1839. An erect much branched shrub, with spiny branches, alternate linear fleshy entire ses- sile leaves. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate in terminal ament-like spikes, the pistillate solitary in the axils, or rarely several together. Staminate flowers without a calyx ; stamens 2-5 together under peltate rhombic-ovate acute spirally arranged scales ; filaments short. Pistillate flowers sessile or very nearly so ; calyx compressed, ovoid or oblong, slightly 2-lipped, adnate to the bases of the 2 subulate exserted papillose stigmas, appendaged by a narrow border which expands into a membranous horizontal wing in fruit. Seed vertical, the testa translucent, double ; embryo coiled into a flat spiral, green ; endo- sperm none. [Name Greek, flesh-thorn, from the fleshy leaves and thorny stems.] A monotypic genus of western North America. GENUS 12. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 2 3 i. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Grease-wood. Fig. 1709. Batis (?) vermiculata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 128. 1838. Sarcobatus vermicularis Torr. Emory's Rep. 150. 1848. Glabrous or the young foliage somewhat pu- bescent, much branched, 2-io high, the branches slightly angled, leafy, nearly white, some of them leafless and spine-like. Stem i'-3' in diam- eter ; wood yellow, very hard ; leaves obtuse or subacute, \'-\\' long, i"-ij" wide, narrowed at the base; spikes of staminate flowers i'-i' long, ii"-2" in diameter, cylindric, short-peduncled or sessile; wing of the calyx 4"-6" broad when ma- ture, conspicuously veined. In dry alkaline and saline soil, western Nebraska, Wyoming to Nevada and New Mexico. Wood used for fuel, for want of better, in the regions where it occurs. June-July. Fruit mature Sept.-Oct. 13. DONDIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 261. 1763. [SUAEDA Forsk. Fl. AEg. Arab. 69. pi. i8b. 1775.] Fleshy annual or perennial herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear thick or nearly terete entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous bracteolate flowers, solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments sometimes keeled or even slightly winged in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Pericarp separating from the vertical or horizontal seed. Embryo coiled into a flat spiral. Endosperm wanting or very little. [In honor of Jacopodi Dondi, Italian naturalist of the fourteenth century.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western and southern parts of North America. Type species : Chenopodium altissimum L. Annuals of the Atlantic sea coast ; leaves not broadened at the base. Dark green, not glaucous; sepals acutely keeled; seed black. i. D. linearis. Light green, glaucous ; sepals scarcely keeled ; seed dark red. 2. D. maritime. Perennial of the western plains ; leaves broadened at the base. 3. D. depressa. i. Dondia linearis (Ell.) Heller. Tall Sea-Blite. Fig. 1710. Salsola salsa var. americana Pers. Syn. i : 296. 1805. Salsola linearis Ell. Bot. S. C. & G. i : 332. 1821. Dondia linearis Heller, Cat. N. Am. PI. 69. 1900. D. americana Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. i : 584. 1896. Suaeda americana Fernald, Rhodora 9: 146. 1907. Annual, dark green or purplish green, not glaucous, stem erect or procumbent, i-3 tall, pale green or nearly white, branched, the branches slender, very leafy, erect-ascending or sometimes recurved, more or less secund. Leaves of the stem linear-subulate, \'-\\' long, those of the branches much shorter, somewhat 3-angled, lanceolate-subulate, widest just above the base, the upper surface flat; sepals purple- green, glaucous, all or some of them acutely keeled or almost winged; seed orbicular, black, shining, i" broad. On salt marshes, beaches, and along salt water ditches. Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Texas. Bahamas ; Cuba. Sea-goosefoot. Aug.-Sept. CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Dondia maritima (L.) Druce. Low or Annual Sea-Blite. Fig. 1711. Chenopodium maritimum L. Sp. PI. 221. 1753. Suaeda maritima Dumort. Prodr. Fl. Belg. 22. 1827. Dondia maritima Druce, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist. 1896 : 42. 1896. Annual, pale green and somewhat glaucous, stem mostly decumbent, bushy-branched, 5'-iS' high, becoming brownish, the branches ascending. Leaves $"-12" long, those of the branches not conspicuously shorter than the upper ones of the stem, 3-angled, broadest at the base ; sepals pale green, rounded or very obtusely keeled, somewhat roughened; seed orbicular, dark brownish red, shining, about i" in diameter. On sea beaches, stony and muddy shores, and in salt marshes, Quebec to southern New York, New Jersey and southward. Also on the coasts of Europe and of northwestern North America. July-Sept. Suaeda Richii Fernald, of the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia, has smaller seeds, the leaves not glaucous. 3. Dondia depressa (Pursh) Britton. Western Sea-Blite. Fig. 1712. Salsola depressa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 197. 1814. Suaeda depressa S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 294. 1871. Dondia depressa Britton ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. i: 585. 1896. Perennial by a deep slender woody root or sometimes annual, branched from the base and usually also above, 6'-2 tall, the branches decumbent or ascending, usually very leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, i'-i' long, broadest at or just above the base, or the upper lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate and commonly much shorter ; sepals acute, one or more of them strongly keeled in fruit; seed about \" in di- ameter, rather dull, minutely reticulated. In saline soil, Minnesota to Saskatchewan Ter- ritory, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Nevada. June-Aug. 14. SALSOLA L. Sp. PI. 222. 1753. Annual or perennial bushy-branched herbs, with rigid subulate prickle-pointed leaves, and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate flowers, solitary in the axils, or sometimes several together. Calyx 5-parted, its segments appendaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit and enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Ovary depressed ; styles 2. Utricle flattened. Seed horizontal; embryo coiled into a conic spiral; endosperm none. [Name Latin, a diminutive of salsus, salty.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution on seashores and in saline districts, occa- sionally pernicious weeds in cultivated grounds. Type species : Salsola Soda L. Calyx coriaceous, not conspicuously veined ; plant maritime. Calyx membranous, very strongly veined ; plant an inland weed. 1. S. Kali. 2. S. pest if er. GENUS 14. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY i. Salsola Kali L. Saltwort. Prickly Glassvvort. Fig. 1713. Salsola Kali L. Sp. PI. 222. 1753. Salsola Tragits L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 322. 1762. Salsola caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. in. 1788. Annual, glabrous or often pubescent, loosely much branched, i-2 high, the branches ascend- ing or spreading, mostly stout, somewhat ridged. Leaves dull green or grayish, 3"-io" long, suc- culent, lanceolate-subulate, swollen at the base, the midvein excurrent into a stout yellowish green prickle; flowers solitary in the axils; wing of the persistent calyx nearly orbicular, lobed, becoming lacerate, not conspicuously veined, 2"- 4" in diameter; calyx coriaceous, veined, its wing about as long as the ascending lobe. On sea beaches. Cape Breton Island to Florida. Also in Europe and Asia. Sea- or Salt-grape. Sea- thrift. Russian thistle. Kelpwort. July-Sept. 2. Salsola pestifer A. Nelson. Russian Thistle or Cactus. Fig. 1714. S. Kah rosacea Pall. 111. PL 36, pi. 28, f. i. 1803. Not S. rosacea L. S. Kali tenuifolia F. W. Meyer. Chlor. Han. 470. 1 836. S. pestifer A. Nelson, Rocky Mt. Bot. 169. 1909. Similar to the preceding species, but bushy branched, the branches usually slender. Leaves and outer branches usually bright red at matu- rity; leaves not noticeably swollen at the base, linear, prickle-tipped, less fleshy; calyx mem- branous, veiny, its wing as long as the ascending lobe or longer. In cultivated fields and waste places, New Jersey to Ontario, the Northwest Territory, Kansas and Washington. A very troublesome weed in many parts of the Central and Western States. Naturalized from northern Europe or Asia. July-Sept. Family 18. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 213. 1836. POKEWEED FAMILY. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees) with alternate entire mostly exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious usually racemose flowers. Calyx 4~5-parted or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals, its segments or sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx-segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogynous; filaments subulate or filiform, distinct or united at the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several-celled in most of the genera ; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphitropous. Styles as many as the carpels, short or none; stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry in the fol- lowing genus, capsular or samaroid in some others. Endosperm mealy or fleshy. About 22 genera and no species, mostly in the tropics. i. PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753. Tall perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with ample petioled exstipulate leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem become opposite the leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3 bracted above Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-30, inserted at the base of the calyx ; anthers mostly oblong. Ovary subglobose, composed of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed-globose S-iS-celled i aicy, fleshy berry. Seeds I in each cavity, erect, corn CORRIGIOLACEAE. VOL. II. pressed; embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring to the crimson juice of the berries.] About 24 species, the following typical one of eastern North America, the others tropical. i. Phytolacca americana L. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Garget. Fig. 1715. Phylolacca americana L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753. Phytolacca decandra L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 631. 1762. A glabrous strong-smelling succulent erect branching herb, 4-i2 tall, the root perennial, large, poisonous, the stem stout, its pith divided into disks separated by lens-shaped cavities. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pinnately veined, acute or acuminate at both ends, 8'-i2' long; petioles '-4' long; racemes peduncled, 2'-8' long; pedicels divergent, 2"-6" long, each with a subulate-lanceolate bractlet at its base and usually 2 similar ones above ; flow- ers perfect; calyx white, 2" -2" broad, its sepals suborbicular, or oval ; stamens 10, slightly shorter than the sepals ; ovary green, lo-celled ; styles recurved ; berry dark purple, s"-6" in di- ameter, 3"-4" high, its 10 carpels conspicuous when dry. In various situations, Maine and Ontario to Min- nesota, Arkansas, Florida and Mexico. Bermuda. Sometimes a troublesome weed. Naturalized in Europe. Young shoots eaten like asparagus. June- Sept. Berries ripe Aug.-Oct. Inkberry. Redweed. Red-ink plant. Pocan-bush. Coakum. Cancer-jalap. American nightshade. Pokeweed. Family 19. CORRIGIOLACEAE Reichenb. ; Moessl. Handb. i 1 : 51. 1827. WHITLOW-WORT FAMILY. Low herbs, erect or prostrate, with opposite mostly stipulate entire leaves, and small, perfect flowers in cymes. Sepals 4 or 5, distinct, or partly united, white or greenish, persistent. Petals none. Stamens i-io, usually 4 or 5, borne at the base of the ovary, or rarely on the calyx-tube (hypanthium) ; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, short. Ovary sessile, i-celled; styles mostly 2, more or less united, often short; ovule solitary, amphitropous. Fruit an achene or utricle, i-seeded. Endosperm nearly enclosing the embryo. About 1 8 genera and 100 species of wide geographic distribution. Leaves stipulate. Sepals awn-tipped ; calyx sessile. i. Paronychia. Sepals not awned ; calyx pedicelled. Styles long ; sepals cuspidate ; radicle ascending. 2. Anychiastrum. Styles very short or wanting ; sepals mucronate ; radicle descending. 3. Anychia. Leaves not stipulate. 4. Scleranthus. i. PARONYCHIA [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 272. 1763. Tufted herbs, our species perennials, often woody at the base, with opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and small clustered scarious-bracted apetalous flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments awn-tipped. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx, sometimes alternate with as many staminodia. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, narrowed upward into the style ; styles united nearly to the stigmas; ovule solitary, amphitropous. Utricle membranous, included in the calyx, i-seeded. [Greek, for a disease of the fingers and a plant supposed to cure it.] About 50 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following about 7 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Illecebrum Paronychia L. Flowers clustered. Flowers hidden among the bracts and stipules. i. P. argyrocoma. Flowers not hidden among the bracts and stipules. Stems erect ; inflorescence open. Calyx i"-iJ4" long, the sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate. Branches of the inflorescence ascending. 2. P.Jamesii. Branches of the inflorescence spreading. 3. P. Wardii. Calyx 2" long, the sepals lanceolate. 4. P. dichotoma. Stems prostrate or diffuse ; inflorescence contracted. 5. P. depressa. Flowers solitary. 6. P. sessiliflora. GENUS I. WHITLOW-WORT FAMILY. i. Parcnychia argyrocoma (Michx.) Nutt. Silver Whitlow-wort. Fig. 1716 Anychia argyrocoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 113. 1803. Paronychia argyrocoma Nutt. Gen. i : 160. 1818. Stem erect or ascending, much branched, 3'-8' high, clothed with silvery appressed scale-like hairs. Leaves linear, i-nerved, acute or mucronate at the apex, pubes- cent or nearly glabrous; stipules silvery-white, scarious, entire, usually shorter than the leaves ; flowers in fork- ing cymes, subtended and concealed by the large silvery membranous bracts; calyx-segments 2"-2\" long, their awns erect, nearly as long as the segments, pubescent or glabrous ; staminodia minute and much shorter than the filaments or wanting. In rocky places, mostly on mountains, Maine, New Hamp- shire and Massachusetts, and from Virginia to Tennessee and Georgia, the northern plant less pubescent than the southern, and more floriferous. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Called also silver chickweed and silverhead. July-Sept. 2. Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. James' Whitlow-wort. Fig. 1717. Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 170. 1838. Scabrous-pubescent, stems 3'-io' high, much branched from the base. Leaves linear-subulate, 10" long or less, the lowest obtuse, the uppermost mucronate or bristle-pointed; stipules entire; flow- ers in small cymes, the branches of the inflorescence ascending; bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx i"- \\" long, the segments lanceolate, gradually acumi- nate, tipped with divergent awns of about one- fourth their length; staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. July-Oct. 3. Paronychia Wardi Rydb. Ward's Whitlow-wort. Fig. 1718. Paronychia Wardi Rydb. ; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 400. 1903. Branched from a woody base, or simple up to the inflorescence, minutely pubescent, the branches slender. Leaves linear-filiform, 3"-io" long, acute, early deciduous ; branches of the inflorescence spreading, very slender ; calyx puberulent, only about i" long; sepals oblong, abruptly acuminate, the short awns at length divergent-ascending. In dry or stony soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. Aug.-Oct. 28 CORRIGIOLACEAE. VOL. II. 4. Paronychia dichotoma (L.) Nutt. Fork- ing Whitlow-wort. Nailwort. Fig. 1719. Achyranthes dichotoma L. Mant. 51. 1767. Paronychia dichotoma Nutt. Gen. I : 159. 1818. Much branched from the thick woody base, gla- brous or puberulent, 4'-i4' tall. Leaves subulate, smooth, all acute, mucronate or bristle-tipped; stipules entire, silvery, often s"-6" long, tapering into a slender awn ; cyme loose, its branches ascend- ing; calyx 2" long, glabrous or merely puberulent, the awns of its segments divergent, short; stami- nodia of minute bristles hardly one-fourth as long as the filaments ; styles nearly as long as the peri- anth-segments, the stamens fully one-half as long. In dry soil, Maryland to North Carolina, west to Arkansas and Texas. July-Oct. 5. Paronychia depressa (T. & G.) Nutt. Depressed Whitlow-wort. Fig. 1720. P. Jamesii depressa T. & G. Fl. N. Am. i : 171. 1838. Paronychia depressa (T. & G.) Nutt.; A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 236. 1899. Root deep, woody, the numerous prostrate or spreading branches 3' longer less, forming dense mats, roughish-puberulent. Leaves linear, 3"- 7" long, cuspidate ; stipules silvery, as long as the leaves or shorter, long-acuminate ; flowers in small cymes, or solitary in the axils; calyx pubescent, about li" long, exceeded by the bracts; awns of the sepals divergent-ascending; filaments shorter than the slender staminodia. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska and Wy- oming. June-Aug. Paronychia diffusa A. Nelson, of South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Colorado, differing in shorter bracts and stipules, does not appear specifi- cally distinct. 6. Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. Low Whit- low-wort. Fig. 1721. Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. Gen. i : 160. 1818. Densely tufted from stout thick roots, low, the internodes very short and hidden by the imbricated leaves and stipules. Leaves linear-subulate, gla- brous or puberulent, the lowest erect and obtuse, the uppermost recurved-spreading, mucronate or bristle-pointed; stipules 2-cleft, usually shorter than the leaves; bracts entire, mostly shorter than the flowers; flowers sessile, solitary at ends of branch- lets; calyx i"-iS" long, its segments hooded at the apex, tipped with at length divergent awns of nearly their own length; staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil, Saskatchewan to Montana, Nebraska and Colorado. Aug.-Sept. GENUS 2. WHITLOW-WORT FAMILY. 29 2. ANYCHIASTRUM Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 400. 1903. Annual or perennial, diffusely spreading or prostrate herbs, the foliage finely pubescent or glabrous, the stipules short or elongated, the small flowers in dichotomous cymes, with bracts similar to the leaves. Flowers manifestly pedicelled. Sepals distinct or nearly so, erect, cuspidate or abruptly tipped, not awned. Stamens mostly 5, borne at the base of the ovary. Styles united nearly to the stigmas. Utricle nearly or quite enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, star- Anychia.] Four known species, of the southeastern United States. Type species: Anychiastrum riparium (Chapm.) Small. i. Anychiastrurn montanum Small. Moun- tain Anychiastrum. Fig. 1722. Anychiastrum montanum Small, Torreya 10 : 230. 1910. Annual or biennial, minutely pubescent. Stem branched at the base, the branches spreading, diffuse, 2'-8' long, slender, purplish; leaves spatu- late to elliptic-spatulate, acuminate or acutish, 2"-5$" long; stipules silvery; calyx I" long in fruit; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, glabrous, abruptly tipped, but not cuspidate. In dry soil, mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia. Aug.-Sept. 3. ANYCHIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:112. 1803. Annual herbs, with repeatedly forking stems, elliptic oval or oblanceolate opposite mostly punctate very short-petioled leaves, small scarious stipules, and minute green apetal- ous flowers. Calyx 5-parted, its segments oblong, concave, not awned. Stamens 2-5, inserted on the base of the calyx; filaments filiform. Staminodia wanting. Ovary subglobose, com- pressed; styles 2, distinct, or united at the base; ovule solitary, amphitropous. Utricle sub- globose, somewhat compressed, longer than the calyx. [Derivation same as Paronychia.] Only the following species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Anychia dicho- toma Michx. Pubescent ; flowers sessile ; stems mostly prostrate or ascending. Glabrous or nearly so ;' flowers pedicelled ; stems usually erect. 1. A. polygonoides. 2. A. canadensis. i. Anychia polygonoides Raf . Forked Chick- weed. Fig. 1723 Anychia polygonoides Raf. Atl. Journ. 16. 1832. Anychia divaricata Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 42. 1836. Pubescent, stems mostly prostrate or ascending, much forked, 3'-io' high, the internodes often shorter than the leaves. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 2"-4" long, \"-\" wide, mucronate or acute at the apex, sessile, or the base tapering into a very short petiole, usually very numerous and crowded; flowers sessile in the forks, more or less clustered, scarcely \" high, inconspicuous except when fully expanded ; stamens commonly 2 or 3, sometimes 5. In dry woods, thickets and in open places, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida, Alabama and Texas. As- cends to 5200 ft. in Georgia. Illustrated in our first edition as A. dichotoma Michx., but this proves to be the same as the following species. June-Sept. CORRIGIOLACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Anychia canadensis (L.) B.S.P. Slen- der Forked Chickweed. Fig. 1724. Queria canadensis L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753. Anychia dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 113. 1803. Queria capillacea Nutt. Gen. i: 159. 1818. Anychia capillacea DC. Prodr. 3: 369. 1828. Anychia canadensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 1888. Glabrous or very nearly so, stem very slender or filiform, usually erect, repeatedly forked above, 6'-i2' tall, the internodes sometimes i' long, much longer than those of the preceding species. Leaves elliptic, oval or sometimes ob- lanceolate, 3"-8" long, i"-4" wide, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, narrowed into petioles about i" long, not crowded; flowers minute, more or less pedicelled. In dry woods, Vermont and Ontario to Massa- chusetts and Georgia, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Caro- lina. June-Sept. 4. SCLERANTHUS L. Sp. PL 406. 1753. Low annual herbs, with rather stiff forking stems, opposite subulate leaves connate at the base, no stipules and minute green clustered apetalous flowers. Calyx not bracted, deeply 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes awnless, the cup-like tube (hypanthium) hardened. Stamens i-io, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary ovoid; styles 2, distinct; ovule solitary, pendulous, amphitropous. Utricle i-seeded, enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, referring to the hard calyx-tube.] About 10 species, of wide geographic distribution in the Old World, the following naturalized from Europe as a weed. Type species: Scleranthus annuus L. i. Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel. German Knotgrass. Fig. 1725. Scleranthus annuus L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753. Much branched from long and rather tough roots, the branches prostrate or spreading, 3'-5' long, roughish- puberulent or glabrous. Leaves subulate, 2"-i2" long, ciliate, light green, often recurved, their bases membran- ous at the junction; tube of the calyx lo-angled, rather longer than the lobes, usually glabrous, the lobes some- what angled on the back and their margins incurved. In fields and waste places or on dry rocks, Quebec and On- tario to Pennsylvania and Florida, mostly near the coast. Naturalized from Europe. Very common in parts of the Eastern and Middle States. Gravel-chickweed. Parsley-piert. March-Oct. Family 20. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 213. 1836. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. Herbs (some tropical genera trees or shrubs) with simple entire leaves, and regular flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, in the following genera subtended by involucres of distinct or united bracts. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb campanulate, tubular or salverform, 4~5-lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube of the perianth, sessile or stipitate, i-celled, i-ovuled ; ovule campylotropous ; style short or elongated ; stigma capitate. Fruit a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. About 25 genera and 350 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America. Involucre of united bracts ; pairs of leaves equal. i. Allionia. Involucre of separate bracts ; pairs of leaves mostly unequal. Wings or ridges of the fruit not completely encircling it. 2. Abronia, Wings of the fruit completely encircling it. 3. Tripterocalyx. GENUS i. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 3 1 i. ALLIONIA Loefl. ; L. Syst. Ed. 10, 890. 1759. [OXYBAPHUS L'Her.; Willd. Sp. PI. i: 185. 1797.] Forking herbs, with opposite equal leaves, and involucres in loose terminal panicles or solitary in the axils of the leaves. Involucre 5-lobed (of 5 partially united bracts), 3-s-flow- ered, becoming enlarged and reticulate-veined after flowering. Perianth campanulate, its tube constricted above the ovary, its limb corolla-like, deciduous. Stamens 3-5, generally 3, unequal, hypogynous. Fruit obovoid or clavate, strongly ribbed, pubescent in most species. [Name in honor of Chas. Allioni, 1725-1804, a botanist of Turin.] About 40 species, natives of North and South America, one Asiatic. Type species : Allionia violacea L. Fruit pubescent. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile or very nearly so, 4" wide or less. i. A. linearis. Leaves from linear-lanceolate to ovate-cordate. Leaves sessile or nearly so, lanceolate to oblong. Pubescence fine and short, often wanting below the inflorescence. 2. A. albida. Pubescence, or some of it, of long hairs, especially below, and at the nodes. 3. A, hirsitta. Leaves manifestly petioled, ovate, often cordate. 4. A. nyctaginea, Fruit glabrous. 5. A.Carletoni. i. Allionia linearis Pursh. Narrow-leaved Umbrella-wort. Fig. 1726. Allionia linearis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814. Calymenia angustifolia Nutt. Fraser's Cat. Name only. 1813. Oxybaphus angustifolius Sweet, Hort. Brit. 429. 1830. Stem slender, terete or somewhat 4-angled below, glabrous, glaucous, 3'-4i tall, erect, the branches and peduncles sometimes puberulent. Leaves linear, thick,, i-nerved, i'-2j' long, i"-4" wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, sessile or the lower occasionally short-peti- pled; involucre about 3-flowered, green before flower- ing ; perianth purple, longer than the involucre ; stamens and style exserted; fruit commonly roughened in the furrows between the 5 prominent ribs, pubescent. In dry soil, Illinois to Minnesota, Wyoming, south to Texas and Mexico. Adventive in Connecticut. June-Aug. Allionia Bushii Britton and Allionia Bodini (Holz.) Morong, admitted as species in our first edition, prove to be conditions of this species with the involucres solitary in the axils. Allionia glabra (S. Wats.) Kuntze, of the Southwest, differing in being glabrous throughout, has recently been collected in western Kansas. 2. Allionia albida Walt. Pale Umbrella-wort. Fig. 1727. Allionia albida Walt. Fl. Car. 84. 1788. Oxybaphus albidus Choisy in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 434. 1849. A. bracteata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29: 690. 1902. A. lanceolata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29 : 691. 1902. A. chersophila Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 354. 1909. Stem erect, furrowed or striate, 4-sided below, i-3 tall, glabrous or short-pubescent above, or pubescent to the base, the peduncles and branches commonly glandular and viscous. Leaves lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, 3-veined from the base, glabrous, pubescent or ciliate, the upper sessile, sometimes bract-like, the lower short-petioled ; invo- lucre much enlarged in fruit, pubescent, ciliate, becoming whitish and purple-veined ; perianth pink, white or lilac; fruit with hispid ribs, roughened in the furrows. South Carolina to Tennessee, South Dakota and Colo- rado, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Consists of numer- ous races, differing in pubescence and width of leaves. May-Aug. NYCTAGINACEAE. VOL. II. 3. Allionia hirsuta Pursh. Hairy Umbrella- wort. Fig. 1728. Allionia hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814. Oxybaphus hirsutus Choisy in DC. Prodr. 13 : Part 2, 433. 1849. Calymenia pilosa Nutt. Gen. i : 26. 1818. Allionia pilosa Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29 : 690. 1902. Stem slender, i-3 tall, erect, angled and striate, glandular-pubescent and pilose, especially at the nodes, occasionally glabrate toward the base. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, sessile or the lowest sometimes short-petioled, pubescent, i'~3' long; branches and petioles very pubescent; inflorescence usually contracted; stamens often 5 ; fruit narrowly obovoid, the ribs obtuse, pubescent, sometimes with low intermediate ribs in the furrows. In dry soil, Illinois to Saskatchewan, Wisconsin, Okla- homa and New Mexico. July-Aug. 4. Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort. Fig. 1729. Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 100. 1803. Oxybaphns nyctagineus Sweet, Hort. Brit. 429. 1830. Allionia nyctaginea ovata Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 146. 1894. Allionia ovata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 97. 1814. Stem angled, often 4-sided below, rather slender, glabrous or but slightly pubescent, i-3 tall. Leaves broadly ovate to oblong, 2'-^' long, i'-3' wide, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded, truncate or narrowed at the base, ail petioled except the small bract-like uppermost ones, glabrous or nearly so; peduncles and pedicels commonly pubescent ; pedicels 6" long or less ; involucre shorter than the flowers ; perianth red ; stamens 3-5, exserted ; style exserted ; fruit oblong or narrowly obovoid, very pubescent. In dry soil, Illinois to Manitoba, Louisiana, Texas and Colorado. Adventive further east. May-Aug. Allionia comata Small, of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, differs in being viscid-hirsute ; it is reported from Nebraska, perhaps erroneously. 5. Allionia Carletoni Standley. Carleton's Umbrella- wort. Fig. 1730. Allionia Carletoni Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 12: 355. 1909. Stem stout, simple or branched, softly pubes- cent to the base, about 3 high. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, thick, acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 2'-$' long, ii' wide or less, puberulent on both sides, short-petioled or almost sessile ; inflorescence paniculate ; invo- lucres about 8" broad, softly pubescent, their lobes obtuse, ciliolate, their stalks 4"-5" long; fruit oblong, narrowed to both ends, glabrous, 2$" long, prominently ribbed. Kansas and Oklahoma. June-July. GENUS 2. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 33 2. ABRONIA Juss.; Gmel. Syst. 1008. 1791. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite petioled thick entire leaves, one of each pair somewhat larger than the other. Stems ascending, erect or prostrate, branching, mostly glandular-pubescent, with clustered or solitary numerous-flowered involucres on long axillary peduncles. Flowers sessile, usually conspicuous. Perianth-tube elongated, tubular or funnelform, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 3-5, unequal, inserted on the tube of the perianth; anthers linear-oblong, included. Style filiform. Fruit dry, i-5-winged or ridged, the wings broad or narrow, reticulate-veined. Seed cylindric, smooth, shining; one of the cotyledons is abortive, the seedling appearing monocotyledonous. [Name from the Greek, graceful.] About 45 species, all American, mostly of western North America. Type species : Abronia californica Gmel. i. Abronia fragrans Xutt. White Abronia. Fig. 1731. Abronia fragrans Nutt. ; Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 5 : 261. 1853. Perennial, viscid-pubescent, stem erect or as- cending, usually much branched, i-2 high. Leaves oval, ovate or oblong-elliptic, petioled, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cuneate, truncate or rounded at the base, \'-2\' long; bracts of the involucre 5 or 6, ovate or elliptic, white, $"-8" long; flowers greenish-white, very numerous in the involucres, 8"-i2" long, fragrant, opening at night ; fruit 4"-6" high, coriaceous with 5 or sometimes fewer, undulate coarsely reticulated ridges about i" wide, which do not close over its summit. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado, Texas and Mexico. Reported from Iowa. June-Aug. 3. TRIPTEROCALYX [Torn] Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 5: 261. 1853. Annual much-branched herbs, more or less pubescent with flattened hairs, with opposite, usually unequal leaves, and axillary or lateral long-peduncled involucres subtending numer- ous pink or whitish flowers, the involucral bracts separate. Perianth-tube elongated, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the perianth-tube; filaments short. Fruit dry, leathery, completely encircled by 2 to 4 broad reticulated membranous wings. [Greek, three-winged calyx.] About 5 species, natives of western North America, the following the generic type. i. Tripterocalyx micranthus (Torr.) Hook. Pink Abronia. Fig. 1732. Tripteridium micranthum Torr. Frem. Rep. 96. 1845. Abronia micrantha Chois. in DC. Prodr. 13 : Part 2, 436. 1849. Tripterocalyx micranthns Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 5 : 261. 1853. [By typographical error macranthus.l Annual, glabrous below, more or less glandular- pubescent above, stem ascending, branched, i-2 high. Leaves quite similar to those of Abronia fragrans in size and outline; involucral bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; flowers several or numerous, about 6" long, greenish-white ; calyx-limb about 4" broad ; fruit nearly i' high, its 2-4 membranous wings 4"-?" broad, entire-margined, shining, very conspicuous, glabrous, united over the body of the fruit, beauti- fully reticulate-veined. In dry soil, South Dakota to Montana, Nevada, Kansas and New Mexico. June-Aug. 34 AIZOACEAE. VOL. II. Family 21. AIZOACEAE A. Br. ; Aschers. Fl. Brand. 60. 1864. CARPET- WEED FAMILY. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, mostly prostrate and branching, with (in our species) opposite or verticillate leaves and solitary cymose or glomerate perfect, small, regular flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases dilated. Calyx 4~5-cleft or 4~5-parted. Petals small or none in our species. Stamens perigynous, equal in number to the sepals, fewer, or more numerous. Ovary usually free from the calyx, 3-5-celled, and ovules numerous in each cell in our species. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal or circumscissile dehiscence. Seeds am- phitropous; seed-coat crustaceous or membranous; endosperm scanty or copious; embryo slender, curved. About 22 genera and 500 species, mostly of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones. Fleshy, sea-coast herbs ; leaves opposite ; capsule circumscissile. i. Sesuvium. Not fleshy ; leaves verticillate ; capsule 3-valved. 2. Mollugo. i. SESUVIUM L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1058. 1759. Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and solitary or clustered axil- lary pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and connate at the base. Calyx top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, ovate or lanceolate. Petals none. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the tube of the calyx. Filaments filiform, sometimes united at the base. Ovary 3-5-celled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. Capsule membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reniform, smooth; embryo annular. About 4 species, natives of sea-coasts and saline regions. Besides the following, another, S. Portulacastrum L., the generic type, occurs in the Southern States. Stamens 5; coastal species. i. S. maritimum. Stamens numerous ; inland species. 2. S. sessile: A- i. Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B.S.P. Sea Purslane. Fig. 1733. Pharnaceum maritimum Walt. Fl. Car. 117. 1788. Sesuvium pentandrum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 556. 1821. Sesuvium maritimum B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 20. 1888. Annual, glabrous, decumbent or as- cending, rarely erect, branches 2 r -i2 r long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, entire, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or the upper ones sessile, 4"-i2" long; flowers sessile or very nearly so, about 2" broad, mostly solitary in the axils ; stamens 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes ; capsule ovoid, about 2" high, scarcely longer than the calyx. Sands of the seashore, eastern Long Island to Florida. Bahamas ; Cuba. July-Sept. 2. Sesuvium sessile Pers. Western Sea Purslane. Fig. I734- Sesuvium sessile Pers. Syn. 2: 39. 1807. Annual, glabrous, fleshy, usually much branched, the branches erect or ascending, 4-16' long. Leaves oblanceo- late to obovate, obtuse, i' long or less, narrowed into short petioles ; flowers sessile or nearly so, 4"-6" wide ; calyx- lobes lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, short- horned near the apex; stamens numerous; capsule about as long as the calyx. On beaches, and saline plains, Kansas to Utah, Nevada, Cali- fornia, Texas and northern Mexico ; also in southern Brazil. March-Nov. Tetragonia expansa Murr., New Zealand spinach, a succu- lent herb with large deltoid or rhomboid leaves and indehis- cent axillary, tubercled fruit, has been found in waste grounds in Connecticut. GENUS 2. CARPET-WEED FAMILY. 2. MOLLUGO L. Sp. PI. 89. 1753. Herbs, mostly annual, much branched, with verticillate, or in some species basal or alternate leaves, and small cymose or axillary whitish flowers. Stipules scarious, mem- branous, deciduous. Calyx 5-parted. Sepals persistent, scarious-margined. Petals none. Stamens 3-5, when 3 alternate with the cells of the ovary, when 5 alternate with the sepals. Ovary ovoid or globose, usually 3-celled. Capsule usually 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds small, the testa smooth, granular or sculptured. About 12 species, most of them of tropical distribution. Besides the following typical one, another occurs in the Southwestern States. i. Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet- weed. Fig. 1735. Mollugo verticillata L. Sp. PI. 89. 1753. Prostrate, glabrous, not fleshy, much branched, spreading on the ground and forming patches sometimes 20' in diameter. Leaves verticillate, in 5*5 or 6's, spatulate, obovate or linear, entire, obtuse, 6"-i2" long, narrowed into a petiole; flowers axillary, less than i" broad; pedicels filiform; sepals ob- long, slightly shorter than the ovoid capsule, which appears roughened by the projecting seeds; seeds reniform, usually smooth and shining. In waste places and cultivated grounds, New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, Washing- ton, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Native of the warmer parts of America, now widely distrib- uted as a weed. Also called Indian chickweed. Devil's-grip. May-Sept. Family 22. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 161. 1828. PURSLANE FAMILY. Herbs, generally fleshy or succulent, rarely somewhat woody, with alternate or opposite leaves, and regular perfect but unsymmetrical flowers. Sepals com- monly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 or 5, rarely more, hypogynous, entire or emarginate, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the petals or fewer, rarely more ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-celled ; style 2-3~cleft or 2-3-divided, the divisions stigmatic on the inner side; ovules 2-00, amphitropous. Capsule membranous or crustaceous, circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-00, reni form-globose or compressed; embryo curved. About 180 species, mostly natives of America. Calyx free from the ovary ; capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous ; stamens 5-00 i. Talinum. Seeds not more than 6 ; stamens 2-5. Perennials ; petals distinct. Plants with corms or thick rootstocks. 2. Claytonia. Plants with bulblet-bearing runners. 3. Crunocallis. Mostly annuals ; roots fibrous ; petals united at the base or distinct. Petals 3, united at base, unequal, the corolla-tube slit down one side ; stamens 3. 4. Montia. Petals 5, equal, distinct or very nearly so ; stamens 5. 5. Limnia. Calyx partly adnate to the ovary ; capsule circumscissile. 6. Portulaca. i. TALINUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 245. 1763. Fleshy glabrous erect or ascending, perennial or annual herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, alternate terete or flat exstipulate leaves (terete and clustered at the base in the following species), and mainly cymose racemose or panicled flowers. Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5, hypogynous, fugacious. Stamens as many as or more numerous than the petals and adherent to their bases. Ovary many-ovuled ; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule ovoid, oval or globose, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, borne on a central globose placenta. [Aboriginal name of a Senegal species.] A genus of about 12 species, all but i or 2 natives of America. In addition to the following, about 6 others occur in the western United States. Type species : Portulaca triangularis Jacq. PORTULACACEAE. VOL. II. Flowers 4"-8" broad ; sepals deciduous. Stamens 10-30; capsule globose. Stigma-lobes very short. Stigma-lobes about one-third as long as the style. Stamens only 5 ; capsule oval. Flowers io"-is" broad; sepals persistent. 1. T. teretifolium. 2. T. rugospermum. 3. T.parviftorum. 4. T. calycinum. i. Talinum teretifolium Pursh. Fame-flower. Fig. 1736. Talinum teretifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 365. 1814. Perennial, erect, 4'-i2' high, leafy at the base. Leaves linear, terete, 4'-2' long, about i" wide, the base broad- ened and prolonged posteriorly ; scape-like peduncles 1-5, terminal, branched, leafless, slender, bracted at the nodes, 3'-6' long; cymes terminal, loose, the branches ascending or divaricate ; flowers pink, 6"-8" broad, opening for a day; sepals membranous, deciduous, ovate, obtuse, 2" long, about half the length of the petals; stamens 10-30; style as long as the stamens ; stigma-lobes very short ; capsule globose, 2" in diameter; bracts of the cyme ovate or ovate-lanceolate, i" long, prolonged posteriorly. On dry rocks, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 3800 ft. in North Carolina. May- Aug. 2. Talinum rugospermum Holzinger. Prairie Talinum. Fig. 1737. T. rugospermum Holzinger, Asa Gray Bull. 7: 117. 1899. Perennial or perhaps biennial, though first described as annual, the root deep, the slender scape-like pedun- cles 10' high or less. Leaves basal, linear, terete, i'-2 f long; cymes and petals like those of T. teretifolium, the pink flowers 6"-8" wide, opening late in the after- noon ; sepals deciduous ; stamens 12-25, the red fila- ments very slender, the anthers short, nearly spherical; lobes of the stigma nearly linear, one-fourth to one- third as long as the style ; capsule globose, about 2" in diameter; seeds faintly roughened, but scarcely rougher than those of T. teretifolium. Prairies, Indiana to Minnesota and Wisconsin. Summer. 3. Talinum parviflorum Nutt. Small- flowered Talinum. Fig. 1738. Talinum parviflorum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 197. 1838. Perennial, similar to the preceding species, leafy below. Leaves terete or nearly so, linear, rather more slender, broadened at the base ; scape-like peduncles very slender, 3'-8' tall ; cymes loose, their branches and pedicels as- cending; flowers pink, 4"-$" broad; sepals ovate, deciduous, acute or subacute; stamens 5 (or sometimes fewer?) ; style somewhat longer than the stamens; capsule oval, 2" high, about i" in diameter ; bracts of the cyme narrowly lanceolate, slightly prolonged posteriorly. In dry soil, Minnesota to Missouri, South Da- kota, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas. May- Sept. GENUS i. PURSLANE FAMILY. 37 4. Talinum calycinum Engelm. Large- flowered Talinum. Fig. 1739. Talinum calycinum Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. 88. 1848. Perennial, erect from a very thick root, slender, 6'-io' high. Leaves nearly terete, clus- tered at the base, i$'-2' long, the base triangular- broadened, slightly prolonged posteriorly; cyme terminal, somewhat compound, scarious-bracted, its branches ascending; flowers pink, io"-i5" broad ; sepals broadly ovate, persistent, cuspi- date; petals twice as long as the calyx; stamens 12-30; style about twice as long as the stamens; capsule globose-ovoid, about 3" in diameter. In dry soil, western Missouri, Nebraska and Kan- sas to Texas. Rock-pink. June. 2. CLAYTONIA [Gronov.] L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Perennial succulent glabrous herbs, with corms, or thick rootstocks, petioled basal leaves, and opposite or alternate cauline ones. Flowers terminal, racemose. Sepals 2, ovate, per- sistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, distinct. Stamens 5, inserted on the bases of the petals. Ovary few-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule ovoid or globose, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular or reniform. [In honor of John Clayton, i686?-i773, Amer- ican botanist.] About 10 species, natives of northern North America. Type species: Claytonia virginica L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, s'-f long. i. C. virginica. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 2'-$' long. 2. C. caroliniana. i. Claytonia virginica L. Spring Beauty. May- or Grass-flower. Fig. 1740. Claytonia virginica L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Ascending or decumbent, perennial from a deep tuberous root, stem 6'-i2' long, simple or rarely with a few branches. Leaves elongated, linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, nar- rowed into a petiole, the basal z'~7' long, i"-6" wide, the cauline shorter and opposite ; raceme terminal, loose, at length 3' -5' long, somewhat secund ; flowers white or pink, with darker pink veins, 6"-io" broad ; pedicels slender, at length l'-ij' long and recurved; petals emarginate; cap- sule shorter than the sepals. In moist woods, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia, Montana and Texas. Very vari- able in the breadth of leaves. Ascends to 2400 ft. in Virginia. Good-morning-spring. Wild potatoes. March-May. PORTULACACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Caro- lina or White-leaved Spring Beauty. Fig. 1741. Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am i : 160. 1803. Similar to the preceding species but some- times more nearly erect. Basal leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong, ii'-3' long, 6 "-9" wide, obtuse; stem-leaves on petioles 3"-6" long; flowers fewer. In damp woods, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, Connecticut, south to North Carolina along the Alleghanies, and to Ohio and Missouri. Rare or absent near the coast in the Middle States. As- cends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. March-May. Claytonia lanceolata Pursh, .a related species, with sessile shorter stem-leaves, occurs from the Rocky Mountain region to the Pacific Coast, and perhaps in the extreme western portion of our territory. 3. CRUNOCALLIS Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 139. 1906. A somewhat succulent low herb, perennial by long stolons, bearing bulblets, the leaves opposite, the inflorescence a few-flowered terminal raceme. Sepals 2, nearly equal. Corolla regular, of 5 similar and equal distinct petals. Stamens 5. Ovary about 3-ovuled. Capsule i-3-seeded, the seeds roughened. [Greek, beauty of a spring, in allusion to the habitat of the plant.] A monotypic genus of western North America. i. Crunocallis Chamissonis (Ledeb.) Rydb. Crunocallis. Fig. 1742. Claytonia Chamissoi Ledeb. ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. i : 790. 1825. Montia Chamissonis Greene, Fl. Fran. 180. 1891. Crunocallis Chamissoi Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33 : 139. 1906. Annual, glabrous, stoloniferous at the base, stems weak, ascending or procumbent, 3 '-9' long. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, ob- tuse, narrowed into a petiole or sessile, i'-2' long, 3"-$" wide; flowers few, pink, racemose, 3"-4" broad, the petals much longer than the calyx; pedicels slender, 4"-is" long, recurved in fruit ; capsule very small. In wet places, Minnesota to British Columbia and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and to California. May-June. 4. MONTIA [Micheli] L. Sp. PI. 87. 1753. Small annual glabrous herbs, with opposite fleshy leaves and minute nodding solitary or loosely racemed white flowers. Sepals 2 (rarely 3), broadly ovate, persistent. Petals 3, hypogynous, more or less united. Stamens 3 (very rarely 5), inserted on the corolla. Ovary 3-ovuled ; style short, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds nearly orbicular, com- pressed, minutely tuberculate. [In honor of Guiseppe Monti, Italian botanist and author of the eighteenth century.] A genus of few species, widely distributed in the colder parts of both hemispheres, the follow- ing typical. GENUS 4. PURSLANE FAMILY. 39 i. Montia f on tana L Water or Blinking Chickweed. Blinks. Water-blinks. Fig. 1743. Montia fontana L. Sp. PI. 87. 1753. Densely tufted, very green, weak, diffuse or ascending. i'-6 long, freely branching. Leaves opposite, spatulate or obovate, mainly obtuse, 3"-6" long, i" broad or less; flowers nodding, solitary and terminal or in a small loose leafy-bracted raceme ; sepals obtuse, slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong petals ; capsule globose, nearly i" in diameter. In springs and wet places, St. Anne des Monts, Quebec ; Maine, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Labrador, Newfoundland, and across arctic America, extending south in the mountains to California. Also in the Andes of South America, in Australasia and in north- ern Europe and Asia. Summer. 5. LIMNIA [L.] Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 11. 1812. Fibrous-rooted succulent herbs, mostly annual in duration, with basal petioled leaves, and a pair of sessile or connate-perfoliate leaves on the stem below the inflorescence. Flowers pink or white, racemose. Calyx of 2 persistent sepals. Petals 5, distinct and equal. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved, 2-3-seeded [Greek, referring to the marsh habitat of some species.] Twelve species, or more, natives of western North America. Type species : Limnia sibirica (L.) Haw. i. Limnia perfoliata (Bonn) Haw. Spanish Lettuce. Fig. 1744. Claytonia perfoliata Bonn ; Willd. Sp. PI. i : 1186. 1798. L. perfoliata Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 12. 1812. Montia perfoliata Howell, Erythea i : 38. 1893. Annual, roots fibrous, stems several, erect or ascending, simple, 3'-i2' high, bearing a pair of connate-perfoliate leaves near the summit, completely or partially united into an orbicular concave disk, 2' broad or less. Basal leaves rhomboid-ovate, long-petioled, the blade i' long or more, obtuse or acute at apex, narrowed into the petiole ; petioles shorter than the stems; raceme usually pe- duncled, loosely or compactly several-flow- ered, sometimes compound; bracts broad, deciduous; flowers white or pink, 3"-s" broad ; petals and stamens 5 ; capsule globose, i"-2" in diameter, 2-5-seeded. Established near Painesville, Ohio. Native from British Columbia to Mexico. April-May. 6. PORTULACA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent fleshy herbs, with terminal flowers. Sepals 2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals 4-6 (mainly 5), inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-, also on the calyx. Ovary many-ovuled; style deeply 3-9-cleft or parted Capsule membranous, dehiscent by a lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allu- sion to the purging qualities of some species.] A genus of about 20 species, all but 2 or 3 natives of America. In addition to the following, some 7 others occur in the southern United States. Type species : Portulaca oleracea L. Glabrous throughout ; flowers small, yellow ; leaves flat. Leaves mainly rounded at the apex; seeds minutely rugose. i. P. oleracea. Leaves mainly retuse ; seeds prominently tuberculate. 2. P. retusa. Pilose-pubescent especially in the axils ; leaves terete Flowers red, 4"-6" broad. 3. P. pilosa. Flowers variously colored, \'-2 r broad. 4. P. grand iflora. PORTULACACEAE. VOL. II. i. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Pussley. Fig. 1745. Portulaca oleracea L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Annual, prostrate, freely branching from a deep central root, branches 4'-io' long. Leaves alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches, obovate or cuneate, 3"-io" long, rounded at the apex, very fleshy; flower- buds flat; flowers solitary and sessile, 2"-3" broad, yellow, opening in bright sunshine for a few hours in the morning; sepals broad, keeled, acutish; style 4-6-parted; capsule 3"- 5" long; seeds finely rugose, about i" long. In fields and waste places, nearly through- out our area, and in warm and tropical America. Native in the southwest, but naturalized north- ward. Widely naturalized as a weed in the warmer parts of the Old World. Summer. 2. Portulaca retusa Engelm. Notched or Western Purslane. Fig. 1746. Portulaca retusa Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6: 154. 1850. Closely resembles the preceding species. Leaves cuneate, generally broader, mostly retuse or emar- ginate, but some of them rounded ; sepals broad, obtusish, carinate-vvinged ; style larger, 3-4-cleft; capsule 2"-3" long; se.eds distinctly tuberculate, nearly i" long; petals smaller than those of P. oleracea and the flowers opening earlier in the morning than those of that species, where the two grow together. Minnesota (?), Missouri to Arkansas and Texas, west to Nevada. Growing in large patches, sometimes several feet in diameter. Pigweed. Summer. Portulaca neglecta Mackenzie & Bush, of Missouri, is described as having larger flowers. 3. Portulaca pilosa L. Hairy Portulaca. Fig. 1747. Portulaca pilosa L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Annual, spreading or ascending from a deep root, more or less .densely pilose-pubescent, with small tufts of light-colored hairs in the axils of the leaves. Branches 2 r -6' long; leaves linear, terete, obtuse, 4"-8" long, about l" wide, alternate, and clustered at the ends of the branches ; sepals oblong acute, membra- nous, not carinate, deciduous with the operculum of the capsule; flowers red, 4"-6" broad; stamens numerous; style 5-6-parted ; seeds minutely tuberculate. In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida, Missouri, Kansas, Texas and Mexico. Also in tropical America. Summer. GENUS high, the trunk up to 4^ in diameter. Leaf- buds silky-pubescent ; leaves scattered along the branches, 6'-io' long, 3'~4' wide, thin, oval, acute or somewhat acumi- nate, rounded or truncate at the base, light green and more or less pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the veins; petioles i'-ii' long; flow r ers oblong-campanulate, greenish-yellow, 2' high ; petals obovate or oblong, much longer than the spreading deciduous sepals; cone of fruit cylindric, 3'-4' long, about i' in diameter, rose-colored when mature. In woods, New York and Ontario to Illinois, Missouri, Georgia, Mississippi and Arkansas. Heart-wood soft, yellowish-brown ; sap-wood lighter. Weight per cubic foot 29 Ibs. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. Yellow or black linn. May-June. GENUS 2. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 2. LIRIODENDRON L. Sp. PI. 535- i?53- A large forest tree. Leaves alternate, truncate or broadly emarginate, 4-6-lobed or rarely entire, recurved on the petiole in the laterally compressed obtuse buds. Stipules united at the base. Flowers large, slightly fragrant. Sepals 3, petaloid, reflexed. Petals 6, connivent. Anthers linear, extrorse. Carpels spiked on the elongated receptacle, 2-ovuled, samaroid, i-2-seeded; seeds pendulous by a short slender funiculus at maturity. [Greek, a tree bearing lilies.] Two species, natives of eastern North America and China, the following one the generic type. i. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Tulip-tree. Lime-tree. White-wood. Fig. 1850. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Sp. PI. 535. 1753. A magnificent tree 6o-i9O high with diverging curved branches, the trunk 4-i2 in diameter. Leaves glabrous, very broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in out- line, truncate or broadly notched at the apex, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, 3'-6' long with 2 apical and 2-4 basal lobes, or occasionally entire ; flowers about 2' high, erect, greenish-yellow, orange-colored within ; petals obovate, obtuse, about equalling the reflexed sepals ; cone of fruit dry, oblong, acute, 3' long. In woods, Vermont to Rhode Island, Florida, Michigan, Arkansas and Mississippi. May-June. Wood soft, yellow- ish or brownish ; sap-wood nearly white. Weight per cubic foot 26 Ibs. Cucumber-tree. Blue-, white- or yellow-poplar. Lynn- or saddle-tree. Hickory- or tulip-poplar. Basswood. Saddle-leaf. Canoe-wood. Family 30. ANNONACEAE DC. Syst. i : 463. 1818. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire pinnately veined leaves. Stipules none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvate or rarely imbricate. Petals about 6, arranged in 2 series. Stamens oo ; anthers adnate, extrorse. Carpels co , separate or coherent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large, anatropous ; embryo minute ; endosperm copious, wrinkled. About 46 genera and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate zones. i. ASIMINA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 365. 1763. Small trees, or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary nodding flowers. Buds naked. Sepals 3, ovate, valvate. Petals 6, arranged in 2 series, valvate or imbricated in the bud, those of the outer series the larger when mature. Receptacle subglobose. Stamens and carpels 3-15. Style oblong, stigmatic along the inner side; ovules numerous, in 2 rows. Fruit, large fleshy oblong berries. Seeds large, flat, horizontally placed, enclosed in fleshy arils. [From the aboriginal name Assimin.] About 7 species, natives of eastern and southeastern North America, the following typical. i. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. North Amer- ican Papaw. False banana. Fig. 1851. Annona triloba L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753. Asimina triloba Dunal, Mon. Anon. 83. 1817. A tall shrub or tree io-45 high, the trunk s'-io' in diameter. Shoots and young leaves dark-pubescent, becoming glabrous at maturity; leaves obovate, acute, 6'-i2 r long, cuneate or rounded at the base ; petioles 4"- 6" long; flowers axillary, on shoots of the preceding year, appearing with the leaves, i'-ij' in diameter, dark purple; sepals ovate, 4"-6" long, densely dark- pubescent, as are the short peduncles ; outer petals spreading, nearly orbicular, slightly exceeding the ovate inner ones ; stamens numerous, short ; fruit a fleshy berry, tf-f long, i'-2' thick, sweet, edible and brown when ripe, pendulous, several on a thick peduncle. Along streams, southwestern Ontario and western New York, Pennsylvania and western New Jersey to Michigan, Florida, Kansas and Texas. March-April, the fruit mature in October. Wood light, soft, weak, greenish-yellow. Weight per cubic foot 24 Ibs. Custard-apple. Fetid shrub. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. Family 31. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Gen. 231. 1789. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid sap. Leaves alternate (except in Clematis), simple or compound. Stipules none, but the base of the petiole often clasping or sheathing. Pubescence, when present, composed of simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like, imbricate, except in Clematis. Petals about the same number (occasionally more), or want- ing. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens oo , hypogynous, their anthers innate. Carpels oo or rarely solitary, i-celled, i-many-ovuled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm. About 35 genera and noo species, distributed throughout the world; not abundant in the tropics. * Carpels several-ovuled (i-2-ovuled in nos. i and 8); fruit a follicle or berry; sepals imbricated in the bud. (HELLEBORKAE.) Flowers regular ; leaves palmately nerved or palmately compound. Petals wanting. Carpels ripening into a head of red berries. i. Hydrastis. Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles. 2. Caltha. Petals present, narrow or small, linear, flat. 3. Trollhts. Petals present, narrow or small, tubular, at least at the base. Sepals persistent ; stem tall, leafy. 4. Helleborns. Sepals deciduous ; stem scape-like, bearing one leaf. 5. Eranthis. Flowers regular ; leaves ternately or pinnately compound or decompound. Petals not spurred. Low herbs with solitary or panicled flowers. Carpels and follicles stalked. 6. Coptis. Carpels and follicles sessile. 7. Isopyrum. Low shrub with racemose flowers, the fruits follicles. 8. Xantlwrrlii~ti. Tall erect herbs with racemose flowers. Fruit berries. 9. Actaea. Fruit follicles. 10. Cimicifuga. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. u. Aquilegia. Flowers irregular. Posterior sepal spurred. 12. Delphinium. Posterior sepal hooked helmet-like. 13. Aconititm. ** Carpels i-ovuled; fruit an achene. Sepals imbricated in the bud. (ANEMONEAE.) Flowers subtended by involucres remote from the calyx or close under it. Styles short, glabrous or pubescent, or none. Involucre remote from the calyx ; styles short, subulate. Involucre of 3 simple sessile leaves close under the flower. Involucre of 3 compound sessile leaves ; leaflets stalked ; stigma sessile. Styles elongated, densely plumose. Flowers; not subtended by involucres. Small annual herbs ; leaves basal, linear ; sepals spurred. Low or tall herbs, mostly with both basal and stem leaves ; sepals spurless. Petals none ; leaves palmately lobed. Petals present, bearing a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade. Achenes compressed, smooth, papillose or spiny ; flowers yellow. Achenes transversely wrinkled ; flowers white. Achenes swollen, smooth ; sepals 3 ; petals mostly 8. Achenes compressed or terete, longitudinally nerved. Petals none ; leaves ternately decompound. Petals present, with no nectar-bearing pit ; leaves dissected. Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves opposite. (CLEMATIDEAE.) Petals none. Sepals and stamens spreading ; flowers panicled. Sepals and stamens erect or ascending ; flowers mostly solitary. Petals present, small, spatulate. 14. Anemone. 15. Hepatica. 1 6. Syndesmon. 17. Pulsatilla. 1 8. Myosurus. 19. Trautvettaria. 20. Ranunculus. 21. Batrachium. 22. Ficaria. 23. Halerpestes. 24. Thalictrum. 25. Adonis. 26. Clematis. 27. Viorna. 28. Atragene. i. HYDRASTIS Ellis; L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1088. 1759. Erect perennial pubescent herbs, with palmately lobed reniform leaves, and small solitary greenish-white flowers. Sepals 3, petaloid, falling away at anthesis. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Carpels o, each bearing two ovules near the middle, and in fruit forming a head of i-2-seeded crimson berries, somewhat resembling a raspberry; stigma flat. [Greek, water- acting, from its supposed drastic properties.] Two known species, the typical one of eastern North America, the other Japanese. GENUS i. CROWFOOT FAMILY. i. Hydrastis canadensis L. Orange-root. Golden Seal. Fig. 1852. Hydrastis canadensis L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1088. 1759. Perennial from a thick yellow rootstock, about i high. Basal leaf long-petioled, 5 '-8' broad, palmately 5-g-lobed, the lobes broad, acute, sharply and unequally serrate; cauline leaves 2, borne at the summit of the stem, the upper one subtending the greenish-white flower, which is 4"-S" broad when expanded ; filaments widened, about 2" long ; anthers oblong, obtuse ; head of fruit ovoid, blunt, about 8" long, the fleshy car- pels tipped with a short curved beak. In woods, Connecticut to Minnesota, western On- tario, Georgia, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. April. Called also yellow puccoon, yellow-root, turmeric-root, yellow Indian paint. Indian-dye, -iceroot or -turmeric. Ohio cucuma. Eye-balm or -root. Yellow eye. Ground- raspberry. 2. CALTHA [Rupp.] L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753. Succulent herbs, with simple entire or crenate mostly basal cordate or auriculate leaves. Flowers yellow, white or pink. Sepals large, deciduous, petal-like. Petals none. Stamens numerous, obovoid. Carpels numerous or few, sessile, bearing ovules in 2 rows along the ventral suture, in fruit forming follicles; stigmas nearly sessile. [Latin name of the Marigold.] A genus of beautiful marsh plants, comprising about 15 species, distributed through the tem- perate and arctic regions of both hemispheres. In addition to those here described, four or five others are found on the western side of the continent. Type species : Caltha palustris L. Stems erect or ascending ; flowers yellow. Leaves cordate, generally with a narrow sinus; flowers ft'-* 1 /" wide. i. C. palustris. Leaves flabelliform with a broad sinus ; flowers >"-$" wide. 2. C. flabellifolia. Stems floating or creeping; flowers white or pink. 3. C.natans. i. Caltha palustris L. Marsh-marigold. Meadow-gowan. Fig. 1853. Caltha palustris L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753. Stout, glabrous, stem hollow, erect or ascending, i-2 high, branching and bearing several flowers. Basal leaves on long and broad petioles, cordate or reniform, 2'-? wide, with a narrow sinus, entire, crenate or dentate, the upper shorter-petioled or sessile, with nearly truncate bases; flowers bright yellow, i'-ij' broad; sepals oval, obtuse; follicles 3-12 or even more, compressed, s"-6" long, slightly curved outward, many-seeded. In swamps and meadows, Newfoundland to South Carolina, west to Saskatchewan and Nebraska. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Locally called cowslip and used as a spring vegetable. April-June. Old English names, water-dragon, water-, mire-, horse- or may-blobs. Meadow-buttercups. American or spring cowslips. Capers. Cow-lily. Crowfoot. Coltsfoot. King-cup. Open or water gowan. Soldiers-buttons. Palsy-wort. Great bitter-flower. Meadow-bouts. Boots. Crazy-bet. Gools. Bull-flower. Drunkards. Water-goggles. Caltha radicans Forst., which roots at the lower nodes of the stem, and has somewhat smaller flowers, is apparently a race of this species, mostly of high boreal range. 86 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Caltha flabellifolia Pursh. Mountain Marsh-marigold. Fig. 1854. Caltha flabellifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 390. 1814. Caltha palustris van flabellifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 27. 1838. Weak, slender, reclining or ascending, i-ii long, glabrous. Basal leaves 2.'-^ broad, long- petioled, flabelliform or reniform, with a wide open sinus ; the upper sessile or short-petioled, similar or with truncate bases, all crenate or dentate;, flow- ers yellow, 6"-p" wide, solitary or 2-3 together; sepals oval; achenes 4-10, about 4" long, com- pressed. In cold shaded mountain springs, Pocono plateau of Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey to Maryland and recorded from New York. Strikingly different from the preceding in habit and appearance. June- July. 3. Caltha natans Pall. Floating Marsh- marigold. Fig. 1855. Caltha natans Pall. Reise Russ. 3: 284. 1776. Stems slender, floating or creeping in wet places, rdoting at the nodes, 6'-i8' long, branching. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, cordate-reniform, I '-2' wide, crenate or entire, thin, cordate with a narrow sinus; upper leaves short-petioled, smaller; flowers white or pink, 5"-o/' broad ; sepals oval, ob- tusish; follicles several or numerous, rather densely capitate, about 2" long, the beak short and straight. In pools and streams, Tower, Mich., Athabasca, arctic America and northern Asia. Summer. 3. TROLLIUS L. Sp. PI. 556. 1753. Erect or ascending perennial herbs, with palmately divided or lobed leaves, thickened fibrous roots, and large usually solitary yellowish, white, or purplish flowers. Sepals 5-15, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-, small, unguiculate, linear, with a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade. Carpels 5-, sessile, many-ovuled, forming -a head of follicles in fruit. Stamens numerous. [Old German, trol, something round.] About 12 species, mainly inhabiting marshy places, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in western North America. Type species : Trollius europaeus L. GENUS 3. CROWFOOT FAMILY. i. Trollius laxus Salisb. American Globe- flower. Fig. 1856. Trollius americanus Muhl. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 3 : 172, name only. 1791. Trollius laxus Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 303. 1803. Stems slender, weak, ascending, i-2 long. Leaves all but the upper petioled (the lower peti- oles sometimes a foot long), palmately 5-7-parted, 2'-4' wide, the segments obovate, cuneate, lobed, cleft or toothed; flowers generally solitary, \\' broad; sepals 5-7, ovate or obovate, obtuse, yellowish-green, spreading; petals 15-25, minute, much shorter than the numerous stamens; filaments filiform; anthers linear, i" long; head of fruit nearly an inch broad, the follicles 4" long, each tipped with a straight subulate beak of one-fourth its length. In swamps, New Hampshire (?), Connecticut to Dela- ware, west to Michigan. May-July. T. albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb., of the Rocky Mountain region, differs in having white sepals. 4. HELLEBORUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with large palmately divided leaves, the basal long-petioled, the upper sessile and sometimes reduced to bracts. Flowers large, white, greenish or yellowish. Sepals 5, broad, petaloid, mainly persistent. Petals 8-10, small, unguiculate, tubular. Sta- mens oo. Carpels generally few, sessile, in fruit forming several-seeded capsules, which are dehiscent at the apex at maturity. [The classical name for H. orientalis; derivation unknown.] A genus of coarse herbs, comprising about 15 species, natives of Europe and western Asia. Type species : Helleborus niger L. y?s^- i. Helleborus viridis L. Green Helle- bore. Fig. 1857. Helleborus viridis L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753. Stout, erect, i-2 high, glabrous. Basal leaves 8'-i2' broad, on petioles 6'-io' long, palmately divided into 7-1-1 oblong acute sharply serrate segments $'-4' long; stem hardly exceeding the basal leaves, and bearing several sessile similar leaves near the top subtending the large drooping yellowish-green flowers ; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, spread- ing, about i' long; petals tubular, 2-lipped, 2" long; stamens widened; anthers oblong, ob- tuse; pods 8" long, tipped with a slender beak one-third their length or longer. In waste places, locally adventive from Europe in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Christmas-rose [properly H. niger]. Chris-root. May. 5. ERANTHIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 303. 1803. [CAMMARUM Hill, Brit. Herb. 47, pi. 7. Hyponym. 1756.] Low herbs, with perennial tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves palmately dissected. Cauline leaf one, borne near the summit of the stem, sessile or amplexicaul, immediately subtending the large yellow flower. Sepals 5-8, narrow, petaloid, deciduous. Petals, small two-lipped nectaries. Stamens numerous. Carpels commonly few, stipitate, many-ovuled, in fruit forming a head of follicles. [Greek, flower of spring.] A genus of about 5 species, natives of Europe and the mountains of Asia, the following typical. 88 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Winter Aconite or Hellebore. Fig. 1858. Hellcborus hyemalis L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753. Eranthis hyemalis Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8 : 304. 1803. Cammarum hyemale Greene, Pittonia 3: 152. 1897. Erect, simple, 5 '-8' high from a tuberous-thick- ened rootstock ; roots fibrous. Basal leaves long- petioled, i\' broad, divided and cleft into numerous linear or oblong lobes; cauline leaf similar, invo- lucrate, sessile, clasping; flower solitary, ii' wide, sessile; sepals 5-9, membranous, obovate, obtuse, occasionally lobed; petals several, clawed, 2-lipped; stamens numerous; filaments filiform; anthers ob- long, obtuse ; carpels several, stipitate ; follicles com- pressed, 5" long, tipped with a sharp beak. Naturalized from Europe at Bartram's Garden, Phila- delphia, and at Media, Pa. Wolf's-bane. Christmas- flower. February. 6. COPTIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8 : 305. 1803. Low herbs, with slender perennial rootstocks, basal compound or divided leaves, and scapose white flowers. Sepals 5-7, petaloid, deciduous; petals 5-7, small, linear, cucullate. Stamens numerous. Carpels stipitate, few, in fruit forming an umbel of follicles. [Name from the Greek, referring to the cut or divided leaves.] A genus of about 9 species, inhabiting the cooler portions of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, three others are found on the Pacific Coast of North America. Type species: Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. i. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Gold-thread. Fig. 1859. Helleborus trifolius L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 784. 1762. Coptis trifolia Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8 : 305. 1803. Isopyrum trifolium Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 18 : 265. 1891. Tufted, glabrous, 3'-6' high from a slender or filiform yellow bitter rootstock. Leaves all basal, evergreen, long-petioled, the blade reni- form, i '-2' broad, 3-divided; petioles very slen- der ; segments broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, prominently veined, crenate or slightly lobed, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, the teeth mucronate; scape i-flowered, occasionally 2-flowered, slender ; sepals oblong, obtuse ; petals small, club-shaped ; follicles 3-7, about 3" long, borne on stipes of about their own length, spread- ing, tipped with a beak i"-ij" long. In damp mossy woods, and bogs, Newfoundland to Maryland and eastern Tennessee, Iowa, Minnesota, British Columbia and Alaska. Ascends to 3500 ft. in the Adirondacks. Called also canker-root, mouth- root, yellow-root. May-Aug. 7. ISOPYRUM L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753- Slender glabrous herbs, with ternately decompound leaves, and solitary or panicled white flowers. Sepals 5 or 6, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, nectariform or none. Stamens numerous. Carpels 2-20, sessile (stalked in a western species), several-ovuled, forming a head of follicles in fruit. [Old Greek name for some Fumaria.] A genus of about 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, there are 3 other North American species, natives of the Pacific Coast. Type species : Isopyrum rlialictroides L. GENUS 7. CROWFOOT FAMILY i. Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. False Rue Anemone. Fig. 1860. Enemion biternatum Raf. Journ. Phys. 91 : 70. 1820. I. biternatum T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 660. 1840. Slender, erect, paniculately branching above ; roots fibrous and sometimes tuberiferous. Basal leaves long-petioled, biternate, thin, the ultimate segments broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed or divided; upper ones similar but sessile or short-petioled ; flowers several, terminal and axillary, white, 5"~9" broad; sepals 5, oblong or somewhat obovate, obtuse; petals none ; stamens many ; filaments slender, white, thick- ened above ; carpels few ; follicles widely spreading, ovate, 2" long, several-seeded, tipped with a beak nearly one-half their length. In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida and Texas. May. 8. XANTHORRHIZA L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 79. 1784. A low shrubby plant, with pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and small compoundly racemose flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, smaller than the sepals, unguiculate, con- cave, 2-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10. Carpels 5-15, sessile, 2-ovuled, forming i-seeded follicles at maturity by the suppression of one of the ovules; styles short, at length dorsal. [Greek, yellow root.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. Shrub Yellow-root. Fig. 1861. X. apiifolia L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 79. 1784. Xanthorrhiza simplicissima Marsh. Arb. Amer. 168. 1785. Glabrate, i-2 high, the bark and long . roots yellow and bitter. Leaves pinnate or sometimes bipinnate, clustered at the summit of the short stem, the blade s'-6' long, slender- petioled; leaflets 5, thin, i'-3' long, incisely toothed, cleft or divided, sessile, ovate or oblong, acute, cuneate, shining; branches of the raceme or panicle slender, drooping, 2'-$' long; flowers about 2" broad, pedicelled, soli- tary or 2-3 together, brownish-purple ; sepals ovate, acute ; follicles 4-8, inflated, light yel- low, i-seeded, diverging, curved at the apex, minutely beaked. In woods, southwestern New York to Kentucky and Florida. Also called Yellow-wood. The low- est leaves are sometimes j-foliolate. Parsley- leaved yellow-root. April-May. 9. ACTAEA L. Sp. PL 504. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 3-5, petaloid, fugacious. Petals 4-10, small, spatulate or narrow, clawed. Stamens numerous ; filaments slender. Ovary i, many-ovuled, forming in fruit a large somewhat poisonous berry ; stigma broad, sessile. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows, hori- zontal. [An ancient name of the elder.] About 6 known spec : es, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following another occurs in the western United States. Type species : Actaea spicata L. Pedicels slender ; berries red. i. A. rubra. Pedicels stout ; berries white. 2. A. alba. 9 o RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. Black Cohosh. Fig. 1862. Actaea spicata var. rubra Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 221. 1789. Actaea rubra Willd. Enum. 561. 1809. A. rubra dissecta Britton ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 55- 1897- Erect, bushy, i-2 high, pubescent or glabrate. Leaves petioled, or the upper ses- sile, ternate, the divisions pinnate with the lower ultimate leaflets sometimes again com- pound; leaflets ovate or the terminal one obovate, toothed or somewhat cleft, or all deeply incised, the teeth mainly rounded or mucronate, or acutish; raceme ovoid; petals spatulate, shorter than the stamens; pedicels mainly slender, 5"-;" long; berries red, oval or ellipsoid, s"-6" long. In woods, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to South Dakota and Ne- braska. April-June. A. spicata L., of Europe, has purplish-black berries. Coral- and -pearl. Red-berry. Snake-root. Poison-berry. Snake- berry. Toad-root. This and the following spe- cies are called also herb-christopher, grapewort and rattlesnake-herb. Actaea arguta Nutt., of western North America, with smaller globose red berries, enters our western limits in western Nebraska and South Dakota. 2. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White Bane- berry. Fig. 1863. Actaea spicata var. alba L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753. Actaea alba Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Closely resembles the preceding species in habit and aspect. Leaflets generally more cut and the teeth and lobes acute or acuminate ; ra- ceme oblong; petals truncate at the apex; fruit- ing pedicels as thick as the peduncle and often red; berries short-oval, white, often purplish at the end. In woods, Nova Scotia and Anticosti to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. April-June. Races or hybrids with white berries and slender pedicels {A. neglecta Gill- man, A, ebnrnea Rydb.), and red berries on thick- ened pedicels are occasionally met with. White or blue cohosh. White-beads. Necklace-weed. White- berry. Snake-root. 10. CIMICIFUGA L. Syst. Ed. 12, 659. 1767. Tall erect perennial herbs, with large decompound leaves, and white racemose flowers. Sepals 2-5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed or none. Stamens numer- ous, the filaments filiform. Carpels 1-8, many-ovuled, sessile or stipitate, forming follicles at maturity. Stigma broad or minute. [Latin, to drive away bugs.] A genus of about 10 species, natives of North America, Asia and eastern Europe. Besides the following, there are 3 on the western side of the continent. Type species : Cimicifuga foetida L. GENUS 10. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Carpels i or 2, sessile ; seeds in 2 rows, smooth. Leaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base. i. C.racemosa. Leaflets broadly ovate or suborbicular, deeply cordate. 2. C. cordifolia. Carpels 2-8, stalked ; seeds in i row, chaffy. 3. C. americana. i. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh. Fig. 1864. Actaea racemosa L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753. Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 15. 1818. Cimicifuga racemosa dissecta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 47. 1890. Stem slender, 3-8 high, leafy above; root- stock thick. Leaves ternate, the divisions pinnate and the ultimate leaflets often again compound ; leaflets ovate or oblong, or the terminal one obovate, acute or sometimes ob- tusish at the apex, narrowed, truncate or the lower subcordate at base, incisely-toothed, cleft, divided, or occasionally dissected, thick- ish, nearly glabrous ; racemes compound, ter- minal, 6'-3 long, usually finely pubescent; pedicels bracted; flowers 6"-f broad, foetid; petals 4-8, 2-cleft; stamens very numerous; pistils i or 2, sessile; stigma broad; follicles oval, 3"-4" long, minutely beaked ; seeds in 2 rows, smooth, flattened. In woods, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Rich-weed. Rattle-weed. Rattle-snakeroot. Rattle-top or -root. June-Aug. 2. Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh. Heart-leaved Snakeroot. Fig. 1865. Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 373. 1814. Cimicifuga racemosa var. cordifolia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i: Part i, 55. 1895. Tall, similar to the preceding species. Leaflets few, very broadly ovate or or- bicular, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, sometimes 6' wide; pistil i, sessile; fol- licles apparently very similar to those of C. racemosa. An imperfectly under- stood species, reported to flower later than C. racemosa where the two grow together. In woods, southwestern Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. Tennes- see specimens agree exactly with the figure of this plant given in Botanical Magazine. pi. 2069. Heart-leaved rattle-top. June- July. 9 2 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 3. Cimicifuga americana Michx. Amer- ican Bugbane. Fig. 1866. C. americana Michx. Fl. Am. i : 316. 1803. Stem slender, 3-5 high, leafy. Leaves ter- nate, the divisions pinnate with many of the ultimate leaflets again compound; leaflets ovate or oblong, the terminal one generally cuneate, acute, thin, glabrate, all incisely toothed, cleft or divided, i'~3' long; racemes terminal, slender, compound, densely and finely pubescent, i-2 long; flowers pedi- celled, 4"-6" broad ; pedicels minutely bracted ; petals few, 2-lobed; stamens numerous; pistils 3-8, stipitate, stigma minute; follicles inflated, membranous, 5" long, narrowed below, tipped with a short oblique subulate beak ; seeds in I row, flattened, chaffy. Central New York and Pennsylvania, south along the mountains to Georgia and Tennessee. Mountain rattle-top. Aug.-Sept. ii. AQUILEGIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 533. 1753. Erect branching perennial herbs, with ternately decomposed leaves, and large showy flowers. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals concave, produced backward between the sepals into hollow spurs ; stamens numerous, the inner ones reduced to staminodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming heads of follicles in fruit. [Latin, eagle, from the fancied resemblance of the spurs to the eagle's claws.] A genus of beautiful plants, comprising about 50 species, distributed throughout the north tem- perate zone and extending into the mountains of Mexico. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Aquilegia vulgaris L. Spur of petals nearly straight ; flowers scarlet, white or yellow. i. A. canadensis. Spur incurved ; flowers blue or purple, about 9" long. 2. A. brevistyla. Spur strongly hooked; flowers white or purple, i'-2 r long. 3. A. vulgaris. i. Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild Columbine. Rock-bells. Fig. 1867. Aquilegia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 533. 1753. Aquilegia flavi flora Tenney, Am. Nat. I : 389. 1867. Aquilegia canadensis flaviflora Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 97. 1888. Aquilegia coccinea Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card, i : 280. 1899. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, i-2 high, branching. Lower and basal leaves slender-peti- oled, biternate, 4'-6' broad, the ultimate leaflets sessile or on very short stalks, obovate, obtuse, cuneate, obtusely lobed and toothed, pale beneath; leaves of the upper part of the stem lobed or di- vided; flowers nodding, i'-2' long, scarlet or rarely white, or yellow, the spurs nearly straight, 6" long, thickened at the end ; stamens and styles long- exserted; head of fruit erect; follicles slightly spreading, about 8" long, tipped with a filiform beak of about the same length. In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Consists of several races, differing in size and color of the flowers, and in pubescence. Also at high altitudes in the Rocky Mountains. Honeysuckle. Rock-lily. Bells. Meeting-houses. Tack- in-trousers. Cluckies. April-July. GENUS ii. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 93 2. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Small-flowered Columbine. Fig. 1868. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 24. 1829. Slender, erect, sparingly pubescent, branching, 6'-i8' high. Basal leaves 2'-$' broad, long-petioled, biternate, the ultimate leaflets nearly sessile, broadly obovate, lobed and crenate; leaves of the stem few, nearly ses- sile, lobed or divided ; flowers small, nodding, about as broad as long (8"), blue or purple; spurs short, in- curved, about 2" long; stamens and short styles barely exserted; head of fruit erect; follicles slightly spread- ing, 8" long, pubescent, tipped with a subulate beak about 2" long. South Dakota to Alaska and British Columbia. June-July. 3. Aquilegia vulgaris L. European Colum- bine. Culverwort. Fig. 1869. Aquilegia vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 533. 1753. Stout, erect, pubescent or nearly glabrous, i-2 high, branching above. Basal and lower leaves 4'-6' broad, petioled, 2-3-ternate, the lateral divisions broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed and crenate, glaucous beneath, dark green above ; the upper few, lobed or divided; flower ii'-2' broad and about as long, showy, blue, purple or white ; spurs 3"~4" long, stout, strongly hooked; sepals spreading; stamens and styles hardly exserted. Escaped from gardens into woods and fields, frequent in the Eastern and Middle States, in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Blue-bells. Lady's-shoes. Capon's-tail. Cock's-foot. Snapdragon. May-July. 12. DELPHINIUM L. Sp. PI. 530. 1753. Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, with racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Leaves palmately lobed or divided. Sepals 5, the posterior one prolonged into a spur. Petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones spurred, the lateral, when present, small. Carpels few, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Latin, from the supposed resem- blance of the flowers to a dolphin.] A genus of beautiful plants, with large irregular flowers, comprising some 125 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, many others grow in western North America and several in the mountains of Mexico. Type species : Delphinium Consolida L. Delphinium Consolida L., a European species which has a glabrous style and capsule, is widely recorded as naturalized in the eastern United States, and was admitted into our first edition ; but all specimens examined prove to be D. Ajacis. Annual ; pistil i ; plant pubescent. i. D. Ajacis. Perennials ; pistils 3. Follicles erect or nearly so. Leaf-segments broadly cuneate-obovate or cuneate-oblanceolate ; plant glabrous. 2. D. exaltatum. Leaf-segments linear. Panicle pyramidal ; plant glabrous. 3. D. Treleasei. Panicle narrow ; plants pubescent or puberulent, at least above. Raceme open ; roots tuberous. 4. D. Nelsoni. Raceme strict : roots not tuberous. Flowers bright blue : bractlets close to the calyx. 5. D. carolinianum. Flowers bluish-white ; bractlets distant from the calyx. 6. D. vircscens. Follicles widely divergent. 7- D. tricorne. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Delphinium Ajacis L. Rocket Larkspur. Fig. 1870. Delphinium Ajacis L. Sp. PI. 531. 1753. Annual, finely pubescent, somewhat branched, 3 high or less, usually branched. Leaves finely dis- sected mto narrowly linear, acutish segments, mostly less than i" wide, or those of the lower leaves somewhat wider; lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so ; flowers racemose ; racemes short or elongated, sometimes 10' long, the pedicels i'-i' long; flowers blue, rarely white; spur slender, somewhat curved, about i' long; pistil i; style pu- bescent ; follicle erect, pubescent, beaked. Fields, meadows and waste grounds, Nova Scotia to South Carolina, Montana and Kansas. June-Aug. 2. Delphinium exaltatum Ait. Tall Larkspur. Fig. 1871, Delphinium exaltatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 244. 1789. Slender, 2-6 high, glabrous or spar- ingly hairy below, densely pubescent above. Leaves large, all but the upper petioled, deeply 3~5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate, acuminate, cleft and toothed toward the apex, upper ones re- duced to small linear or lanceolate bracts subtending the flowers; racemes dense, elongated (sometimes over i in length) ; flowers purple or blue, 8"-io" long, downy- pubescent, the lower pedicels about i" long; spur nearly straight, 4" long; follicles 3, erect, 4"-5" long, pubescent, tipped with a subulate beak. In woods, Allegheny and Huntingdon Cos., Pa., to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Alabama and Nebraska. Has been mistaken for D. urceolatum Jacq. July-Aug. 3. Delphinium Treleasei Bush. Trelcase's Larkspur. Fig. 1872. Delphinium Treleasei Bush ; Davis, Minn. Bot. Stud. 2 : 444. 1900. Perennial, with fascicled roots, glabrous, slightly glaucous, 2-4 high, the stem-leaves few. Basal leaves long-petioled, deeply pal- matifid into linear segments 2" wide or less; raceme loose, pyramidal in outline, often a foot long, the pedicels very slender, ascending, the lower 2'~4' long, sometimes branched, the upper shorter: flowers blue or blue-purple; sepals and spur about equal in length, puberulent ; spur straight, f ' long ; sepals narrowly ovate ; bractlets borne somewhat below the calyx ; petals yellow- bearded ; follicles 3, erect, slightly puberulent. In barrens, Missouri. May-June. GENUS 12. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 95 4. Delphinium Nelsoni Greene. Larkspur. Fig. 1873. Nelson's Delphinium Nelsoni Greene, Pittonia 3: 92. 1896. Finely puberulent, at least above ; stem slender, simple, 8'-i high from a cluster of tuberous roots near the surface of the ground. Leaves firm, the lower pedately divided into linear lobes or segments, long-petioled, the petioles sheathing the stem, the upper short-petioled, less divided ; flowers in the upper axils and forming a loose terminal raceme, blue, slightly villous, slender-pedicelled; lower pedi- cels i '-2' long, longer than the flowers; sepals ob- long, shorter than the slender spur; lower petal 2-cleft, with a tuft of hairs about the middle; folli- cles 3, appressed-pubescent ; seeds wing-angled above. Western Nebraska and Colorado to Wyoming, and British Columbia. May-June. 5. Delphinium carolinianum Walt. Carolina Larkspur. Fig. 1874. D. carolinianum Walt. Fl. Car. 155. 1788. D. aziireum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 314. 1803. Delphinium Nortonianum Mackenzie & Bush, Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12 : 82. 1902. Stem slender, more or less pubescent, i-2 high. Leaves deeply cleft into linear toothed or cleft segments; raceme ter- minal, 4'-8' long; flowers pedicelled, blue, about i' long, the spur curved upward, horizontal or nearly erect, 8" long; fol- licles 3, erect or slightly spreading, downy, 7 "-9" long, tipped with a subulate beak; seed coat rugose. Prairies and open grounds, Virginia to Mis- souri, Florida and Texas. Prairie, blue or azure larkspur. May-July. 6. Delphinium virescens Nutt. Prairie Lark- spur. Fig. 1875. D. virescens Nutt. Gen. 2: 14. 1818. D. albcscens Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 583. 1899. Perennial, with branched woody roots, pubescent and often somewhat glandular. Stem stout, i-3 high; leaf- segments linear, i"~3" wide; raceme narrow, rather densely flowered ; lower pedicels sometimes 2' long, the upper much shorter; flowers white, or bluish-white, finely pubescent ; spur horizontal or ascending, 6"-8" long, straight, or slightly curved upward; follicles 6"- 9" long, erect, puberulent. Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota, Manitoba, Kansas and Texas. D. Penardi Huth, of the Rocky Mountains, is closely related to this species. May-July. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Dwarf Larkspur. Fig. 1876. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 314. 1803. Stout, glabrous or pubescent, simple, i-3 high. Leaves slender-petioled, deeply s-7-cleft or divided, the divisions linear or obovate, obtuse, entire, or again cleft and toothed ; raceme loose, 4'--,' long, mostly several-flowered; flowers i'-ij' long, blue or white; spur generally slightly bent, ascending, io"-i5" long; follicles 3, widely spreading, s"-6" long, tipped with a short beak ; seed-coat smooth, dark. Pennsylvania to the mountains of Georgia, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Arkansas. Roots tuberous. April-June. 13. ACONITUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 532. 1753. Tall or long, erect ascending or trailing perennial herbs, with palmately lobed or divided leaves, and large irregular showy flowers. Sepals 5, the posterior (upper) one larger, hooded or helmet-shaped. Petals 2-5, small, the two superior ones hooded, clawed, concealed in the helmet, the three posterior ones, when present, minute. Stamens numerous. Carpels 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Ancient Greek name for these plants.] A genus of beautiful plants including some 70 species, mostly natives of mountainous regions in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several others are found in the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific Coast. Roots poisonous, as are also the flowers of some species. Type species : Aconitum lycoctonitm L. Flowers blue ; roots tuberous-thickened. Helmet arched, tipped with a descending beak. Helmet conic, slightly beaked. Flowers white; stem trailing; helmet elongated-conic. i. A.noveboracense. .2. A. uncinatum. 3. A. reclinatum. i. Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray. New York Monkshood. Fig. 1877. Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray ; Coville, Bull. Torr. Club 13 : 190. 1886. Slender, erect, about 2 high, leafy. Lower leaves all petioled, $'-4.' broad, nearly orbicular, deeply 5~7-cleft, the divisions obovate, cuneate, toothed and cut, acute or acuminate, glabrous, rather thin; upper leaves nearly sessile, 3-5-cleft, otherwise similar, subtending branches of the loose pubescent few-flowered panicle; flowers blue, 6" broad, about i' high, the arched gibbous helmet tipped with a prominent descending beak about 3" long; follicles erect,' 3" long, subulate- beaked. Orange, Ulster and Chenango Counties, N. Y., and Summit County, Ohio. Reported from Iowa. Nearest A. paniculatum Lam. of central Europe. June-Aug. I GENUS 13. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 97 2. Aconitum uncinatum L Wild Monks- hood or Wolf bane. Fig. 1878. Aconitum uncinatum L. Sp PI. Ed. 2, 750. 1762. Slender, weak, 2-4 long, ascending or climbing, leafy. Leaves thick, broader than long, $'-4' wide, deeply 3-5-lobed or cleft; lobes oblong or ovate- lanceolate, cleft or toothed, acute, glabrous or nearly so; panicle few-flowered, pubescent; flowers clustered at the ends of its branches, blue, i' broad or more; helmet erect, obtusely conic, acute in front but scarcely beaked ; follicles 3, 6"-j" long, subulate- beaked In woods, southern Pennsylvania, south along the mountains to Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. 3. Aconitum reclinatum A Gray. Trail- ing Wolfsbane. Fig 1879. A. reclinatum A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 34. 1842. Trailing, 2-8 long. Leaves 3-7-cleft, all but the upper petioled, thin, the lower 6'-8' broad, mainly obovate, acute, toothed and cleft toward the apex ; simple panicle or raceme loose, pubes- cent ; flowers white, 8"-io" long ; helmet hori- zontal or nearly so, elongated-conic, with a straight, short beak; follicles 3, 5" long, with slender divergent beaks. In woods, Cheat Mountain and Stony Man Moun- tain, Virginia, south along the Alleghanies to Georgia. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North Carolina. Trailing monkshood. July-Aug. 14. ANEMONE L. Sp. PL 538. 1753. Erect perennial herbs. Basal leaves lobed, divided or dissected, those of the stem form- ing an involucre near to or remote from the peduncled flower or flowers. Sepals 4-20, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens oo, shorter than the sepals. Carpels oo. Achenes com- pressed, i-seeded. [From the Greek, a flower shaken by the wind.] About 85 species, widely distributed through the temperate and subarctic regions of both hemi- spheres. About 20 species are natives of North America. Type species : Anemone coronaria L. * Achenes densely woolly. Stem simple, slender, i-flowered. Root tuberous ; sepals 6-20, narrow. i. A. caroliniana. Rootstock slender ; sepals 5-6, oval. 2. A. parviflora. Stem commonly branching above, tall, generally 2-several-flowered. Leaves of the involucre sessile or short-petioled ; sepals red ; head of fruit globose or oval. 3. A. hudsoniana. Leaves of the involucre slender-petioled ; sepals white or green ; head cylindric, oval, or oblong. Head of fruit cylindric ; divisions of the leaves wedge-shaped, narrow. 4. A. cylindrica. Head of fruit oblong or oval ; divisions of the leaves ovate, broad. 5. A. virginiana. ** Achenes pubescent, or nearly glabrous. Leaves of the involucre sessile. Stout, i-2 high, branching and bearing several flowers ; carpels nearly orbicular; flowers white. 6. A. canadensis. Slender, z'-\2' high, i-flowered ; carpels narrow; flowers yellow. 7. A. Richardsonii. Leaves of the involucre petioled. Involucral leaf-divisions lobed and incised ; plant 4'-g' high. 8. A. quinquefolia. Involucral leaf-divisions dentate; plant io'-i6' high. 9. A. trifolia. 9 8 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Anemone caroliniana Walt. Fis. 1880. Carolina Anemone. Anemone caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 157. 1788. Sparsely hairy, 4-10' high, arising from a tuber 3"~4" in diameter. Basal leaves slender-petioled, 3-divided, the divisions variously toothed, lobed and parted, those of the involucre sessile and 3-cleft; flower erect, 9"-i8" broad; sepals 6-20, linear-oblong, purple, varying to white ; head of fruit oblong; achenes densely woolly. Open places, Illinois to Wisconsin and South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Mayflower. April-May. Anemone decapetala Ard., of the southern United States, Mexico and South America, ranging north to Kansas, differs by some or all of its basal leaves having the divisions merely crenate. 2. Anemone parviflora Micnx. Northern or Small- flowered Anemone. Fig. 1881. Anemone parviflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 319. 1803. Sparingly hairy, 4'-i2 r high from slender rootstocks. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge- shaped divisions obtusely lobed or crenate, those of the involucre nearly sessile, similarly lobed; flower i' in diam- eter or less ; sepals oval, very obtuse, white ; head of fruit short-oval or globose ; achenes densely woolly. Labrador, Newfoundland and Quebec to Wisconsin, Minne- sota and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Asia. May-June. 3. Anemone hudsoniana Richards. Cut-leaved Anemone. Fig. 1882. Red Wind-flower. Anemone hudsoniana Richards. Franklin's Journey 741. 1823. Silky-hairy, 6'-i8' high, sparingly branched, the lateral peduncles involucrate. Basal leaves long- petioled, reniform, 3-5-parted, the divisions cleft into linear acute lobes, those of the involucres short- petioled and more or less cuneate, otherwise simi- lar; sepals 5-9, greenish or red, oblong, forming a flower \'-\' broad; head of fruit globose or oblong, i'-i' long; achenes compressed, densely woolly, tipped with the short subulate styles. Anticosti and New Brunswick to Maine, New York, Michigan and Minnesota. Summer. The similar A. globosa Nutt., of the Rocky Moun- tains, with larger flowers, occurs in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Manitoba, and is reported from Ne- braska. Both have been confused with A. multifida Poir, of southern South America, which they much resemble. GENUS 14. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 4. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. Long- fruited Ane- mone. Fig. 1883. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 221. 1836. high, branched at the in- long-petioled, broader than cuneate-obovate or cuneate- the involucre similar, their 5-6, greenish-white, oblong, Silky-hairy throughout, i-2 c volucre. Basal leaves tufted, l n S> 3~5-parted, the divisions oblanceolate, narrow ; those of petioles about i' long; sepals generally obtuse ; flowers about 9" broad, on elongated generally naked peduncles; head of fruit cylindric, i' in length or more ; achenes compressed, woolly, tipped with the minute styles. Open places, eastern New Brunswick to Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Kansas and Saskatchewan. Also in the Rocky Mountains, south to New Mexico, and in British Columbia. June- Aug. 5. Anemone virginiana L. Tall Ane- mone. Fig. 1884. Anemone virginiana L. Sp. PI. 540. 1753. A. riparia Fernald, Rhodora i: 51. 1899. Hairy, 2-3 high, stout, branching at the involucre, the lateral peduncles bearing sec- ondary involucres. Basal leaves long-petioled, broader than long, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate-oblong, variously cleft and divided into acute serrate lobes; those of both primary and secondary involucres similar, on petioles i'-2 f long; sepals generally 5, white or greenish, acute or obtuse ; flowers g"-iS" broad ; head of fruit oblong to subcylindric, 9"-i2" long ; achenes compressed, woolly, tipped by the spreading or ascending subu- late styles. In woods, Nova Scotia to South Carolina, Kan- sas, Alberta and Arkansas. Consists of several races, differing in size and color of flower, shape of fruit and in the styles. Tumble-weed. Thimble- weed. June-Aug. 6. Anemone canadensis L. Canada or Round- leaved Anemone. Fig. 1885. Anemone canadensis L. Syst. Ed. 12, 3: App. 231. 1768. Anemone pennsylvanica L. Mant. 2: 247. 1771. Rather stout, i-2 high, somewhat hairy, espe- cially on the lower surfaces of the leaves, branch- ing at the involucre. Basal leaves long-petioled, broader than long, 3~5-parted, the divisions broad, oblong, acute, variously cleft and toothed, those of both primary and secondary involucres similar, sessile; sepals white, oblong, obtuse; flower I'-ii' broad ; head of fruit globose ; achenes flat, nearly orbicular, pubescent, tipped with the stout persistent style, which is about their own length. Low grounds, Labrador to Assiniboia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Illinois, Kansas and Colorado. A. dichotoma L., to which this has been referred, is a Siberian species with glabrous ovate achenes. Crowfoot. Round-headed anemone. May-Aug. 100 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 2 7. Anemone Richardsonii Hook. Richardson's Ane- mone. Fig. 1886. Anemone Richardsonii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 6. 1829. Low, slender, pubescent, 2'-i2' high from slender root- stocks. Basal leaves reniform, slender-petioled, 3-5-parted, the lobes acute, broadly oblong, dentate or crenate; those of the involucre similar, sessile; flower solitary, 9" broad, yellow; sepals about 6, oblong; head of fruit depressed- spherical ; achenes nearly glabrous, compressed, ovate-oblong, reflexed, tipped with a hooked persistent style of about their own length. Labrador to Hudson Bay and in arctic America generally. Also widely distributed in Siberia. Summer. 8. Anemone quinquefolia L. Wind-flower. Snow- drops. Fig. 1887. Anemone quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 541. 1753. Anemone ncmorosa var. quinquefolia A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 38. 1867. Low, simple, nearly glabrous, 4'-o/ high, from horizontal rootstocks. Basal leaves long-petioled, appearing later than the flowering stem, 5-parted, the divisions oblong, cuneate, dentate; those of the involucre on slender petioles about 9" long, 3-5- parted, the divisions i\' long, acute, variously cut and lobed; flower solitary, i' broad; sepals 4-9, obovate or oval, white, or purplish without ; head of fruit globose, inclined; achenes pubescent, ob- long, tipped with the hooked styles. In low woods, Nova Scotia to Georgia, western On- tario, Minnesota and Tennessee. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Readily distinguishable from the European A. nemorosa L., which is sometimes cultivated in our area and reported as escaped in Massachusetts, by its slender habit, slender petioles, less lobed divisions of the involucral leaves, paler green foliage, more slender root- stocks, and smaller flowers. Wood-flower. May-flower. Nimble-weed. Wood-anemone. Wild cucumber. April- June. 9. Anemone trifolia L. Mountain Ane- mone. Fig. 1888. Anemone trifolia L. Sp. PI. 540. 1753. A. land folia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 387. 1814. Stout, 6'-i6' tall, nearly glabrous through- out. Basal leaves mostly 3-divided (some- times 4~5-divided), long-petioled, dentate, often somewhat lobed ; involucral leaves stout- petioled, 3-parted, the divisions oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, dentate, often slightly lobed, i'-3' long; flower solitary, white, i'-iJ' broad when expanded; peduncles i'-4' long; sepals ob- long to oval; head of fruit globose, 5"-6" in diameter; achenes 10-20, oblong, finely pubes- cent, tipped with the hooked style. Southern Pennsylvania, southwestern Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, chiefly in the moun- tains ; in Virginia usually in company with the lily-of-the-valley. Also in the south Austrian Alps and the mountains of northern Italy. May. GENUS 15. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 101 15. HEPATICA [Rupp.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Perennial scapose herbs, with long-petioled thick 3-lobed evergreen basal leaves, and large white or purple flowers, solitary on slender scapes. Involucre of 3 small sessile leaves close under the flowers, simulating a calyx. Sepals membranous, petal-like. Stamens all anther-bearing. Achenes short-beaked, pubescent. [Name ancient, from the supposed re- semblance of the leaves to the liver.] A genus of about 4 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following are known from North America. Type species : Anemone Hepatica L. Lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. i. H. Hepatica. Lobes of the leaves acute. 2. H. acutiloba. i. Hepatica Hepatica (L.) Karst. Rcund-lobed or Kidney Liver-leaf. Noble Liverwort. Fig. 1889. Anemone Hepatica L. Sp. PI. 538. 1753. Hepatica triloba Chaix in Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. i : 336. 1786. Hepatica Hepatica Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 559. 1880-83. Scapes 4'-6' high, villous ; roots fibrous. Leaves long-petioled, reniform, 2'-2j' broad when mature, spreading on the ground, 3- lobed, and the lobes sometimes toothed or again lobed, obtuse; involucre of 3 sessile obtuse oblong leaves immediately under the flowers; flowers blue, purple or white, 6"-io" broad ; sepals oval or oblong, ob- tuse, longer than the stamens; achenes several, 2" long, oblong, acute, hairy. In woods, often in large tufts, Nova Scotia to northern Florida, west to Manitoba, Iowa and Missouri. Alaska. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. Dec.- May. Heart- or three-leaf liverwort. Liver- moss. Mouse-ears. Spring-beauty. Crystal- wort. Golden trefoil. Ivy-flower. Herb Trinity. Squirrel-cup 2. Hepatica acutiloba DC. Sharp- lobed or Heart Liver-leaf or Liver- wort. Fig. 1890. Hepatica triloba var. acuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 391. 1814. Hepatica acutiloba DC. Prodr. i : 22. 1824. Hepatica acuta Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 6: 234. 1891. Scapes 4'-o/ high, villous. Plant closely resembling the preceding, differing in that the leaf-lobes and those of the involucre are acute or acutish. In woods, Maine, Quebec and throughout Ontario, south in the Alleghanies to Georgia, but rare or absent near the Atlantic Coast, west to Missouri and Minnesota. Puzzling forms occur which are referable with about equal certainty to the preceding species of which it may be regarded as a geographical race. The leaf-form of the German plant is quite intermediate between our Hepatica and acutiloba. A dioecious tendency of this species has been observed. March-April. Spring- beauty. May-flower. IO2 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 16. SYNDESMON Hoffmg. Flora, 15 : Part 2, Intell. Bl. 4, 34. 1832. [ANEMONELLA Spach, Hist. Veg. 7: 239. 1839.] A glabrous perennial herb from a cluster of tuberous-thickened roots, with basal 2-3- ternately compound leaves, those of the involucre similar but sessile, and large terminal umbellate slender-pedicelled white flowers. Sepals thin, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens all anther-bearing. Achenes terete, deeply grooved; stigma sessile, truncate. [Greek, bound together, the plant uniting many of the characters of Anemone and Thalictrum.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. t. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Rue-Anemone. Fig. 1891. Anemone thalictroides L. Sp. PI. 542. 1753. Thalictrum anemonoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 322. 1803. Syndesmon thalictroides Hoffmg. Flora 15: Part 2, Intell. Bl. 4, 34. 1832. Anemonclla thalictroides Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 240. 1839. Low, glabrous, ^-g' high, the flowering stem arising in early spring from the cluster of tuberous roots, the ternately-compound basal leaves appearing later and resembling those of Thalictrum. Leaves of the involucre similar, sessile, the leaflets long-petioled ; sepals 5-10, white or pinkish, longer than the stamens ; flower \'-\' broad ; flowers perfect, umbellate immediately above the involucre; achenes sessile, pointed, 4"-6" long. In woods, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Florida, Ontario, Minnesota and Kansas. Leaflets are occasionally borne on the stem below those of the involucre. March-June. Wind- flower. May-flower. 17. PULSATILLA [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Perennial scapose herbs, with thick rootstocks, basal long-petioled digitately divided leaves, and large purple or white solitary flowers. Involucre remote from the flower, 3-leaved. Sepals petaloid. Petals none. Inner stamens anther-bearing, the outer ones often sterile. Achenes with long persistent plumose styles. [Latin name, unexplained.] About 1 8 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern North America. Type species : Anemone Pulsatilla L. i. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Pasque Flower. Fig. 1892. Anemone patens L. Sp. PI. 538. 1753. P. patens Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768. ^Clematis hirsutissima Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 385. 1814. Anemone Nuttalliana DC. Syst. i : 193. 1818. Anemone patens var. Nuttalliana A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 36. 1867. P. hirsutissima Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 6: 217. 1891. Villous, 6'-i6' high. Leaves much divided into narrow linear acute lobes, the basal on slender petioles, those of the involucre sessile and erect or ascending; sepals ovate-oblong, light bluish- purple ; fruit a head of silky achenes with long plumose styles, like those of some Clematis. In dry soil, prairies of Illinois to British Columbia, Nebraska and Texas. Europe and northern Asia. After flowering the peduncle elongates, sometimes to a foot or more. Consists of several races, the American ones mostly with wider leaf-lobes than the European. March- April. American pulsatilla. Hartshorn- or head-ache-plant. Wild crocus. Mayflower. Easter- flower. Gosling. Badger. April-fools. Prairie-smoke or -anemone. Wind-flower. Rock-lily. GENUS 18. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 10*3 18. MYOSURUS L. Sp. PL 284. 1753. Diminutive annual herbs, with fibrous roots, tufted, basal linear or linear-spatulate, entire leaves and i-flowered scapes. Sepals 5 (rarely 6-7), long-spurred at the base. Petals the same number or none, when present greenish-yellow, narrow, the claw bearing a nec- tariferous pit at the summit, the limb spreading. Stamens 5-25, about equalling the sepals. Pistils numerous, borne on a central axis, which becomes greatly elongated in fruit. Ovule I, suspended. Achenes apiculate or aristate. [Greek, mouse-tail.] A genus of insignificant plants of local but wide geographic distribution, consisting of the species here figured and about 4 others found in west America and Australia. Type species : Myosurus minimus L. i. Myosurus minimus L. Mouse-tail. Fig. 1893. Myosurus minimus L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Myosurus Shortii Raf. Am. Journ. Sci. i : 379. 1819. Myosurus minimus var. Shortii Huth, Engler's Bot. Jahrb. 16 : 284. 1893. Low, glabrous, i'-6' high, the scape at length surpassing \\ the leaves and the elongated receptacle attaining the \ length of i '-2'. Leaves all basal, 2'-^' long, narrowly y spatulate to linear, blunt; petals present, small; achenes glabrous, apiculate. In moist places, southern Ontario to British Columbia, Indi- ana, Virginia, Florida, Texas and New Mexico. Reported from the Pacific Coast. Also in central Europe. At Norfolk, Va., the plant seems to have been introduced. Little mouse-tail. Blood-strange. April-July. 19. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. i : 22. 1834. Tall erect perennial herbs, with large palmately-lobed leaves, those of the stem distant. Sepals 3-5, concave, caducous. Petals none. Carpels oo, i-ovuled. Achenes capitate, sharply angular, inflated, tipped with the minute styles. Embryo large. Flowers small, white, corymbosely paniculate. [In honor of Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.] A monotypic genus of North America and eastern Asia. i. Trautvetteria carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. False Bugbane. Fig. 1894. Hydrastis carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 156. 1788. Cimicifuga palmata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:316. 1803. Trautvetteria palmata F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. i : 22. 1834- Trautvetteria carolinensis Vail, Mem. Torr. Club 2 : 42. 1890. T. applanata Greene, Leaflets 2: 191. 1912. Stout, 2-3 high, branching, nearly glabrous, except the lower surfaces of the leaves. Basal leaves long-petioled, 6'-8' broad, 4'-s' long, deeply 5-n-lobed, the lobes acute and sharply dentate; panicle ample, the flowers 3"-6" broad, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of its branches ; fila- ments slender, slightly widened ; anthers oblong. Southwestern Pennsylvania to the mountains of Virginia and Kentucky, south to Florida, west to Indiana and Missouri. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. June-July. 104 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 20. RANUNCULUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 548. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate simple entire lobed or divided or dissected leaves, and yellow white or red flowers. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in number or more, conspicuous or minute, provided with a nectariferous pit and a scale at the base of the blade. Carpels o, i-ovuled. Achenes capitate or spicate, generally flattened, smooth, papillose or echinate, tipped with a minute or an elongated style. [Latin for a small frog, in allusion to the marsh habitat of many species.] Some 275 species, widely distributed in the temperate and cool regions of both hemispheres and on mountain tops in the tropics. In addition to those here described, many others inhabit the western and northwestern parts of the continent. The names Crott'foot or Buttercup are popu- larly applied to most of the species with large flowers and divided leaves. Type species : Ranunculus auricomus L. t Creeping, floating or decumbent perennials, with palmately lobed, dissected or divided leaves. Plants leafy-stemmed. Aquatics ; leaves orbicular, palmately divided. Achenes callous-margined. I. R. delphinifolius. Achenes marginless. 2. R. Purshii. Glabrous ; leaves 3-lobed or 3-cleft, cuneate at the base ; arctic. 3. R. hyperboreus. Plant scapose from filiform rootstocks. 4. R.lapponicus. It Plants of swamps or muddy shores; leaves entire or denticulate. Annuals ; achenes beakless. Petals i "-2" long; stamens few. 5. R.pusillus. Petals 2"~3" long ; stamens numerous. 6. R. oblongifolius. Perennials, rooting from the nodes ; achenes beaked. Stems trailing ; achenes minutely beaked. 7. R. reptans. Stems ascending or erect ; achenes subulate-beaked. 8. R. obtusiusculus. ttt Terrestrial or marsh species with some or all the leaves toothed, lobed or divided. Calyx conspicuously black-pubescent ; arctic ; flowers white or light yellow. 9. R. nivalis. Calyx glabrous or pubescent ; flowers yellow. 1. Achenes smooth, neither papillose, muricate nor spiny. Plant low, arctic-alpine; leaves small, palmately lobed. 10. R.pygmaeus. Plants neither arctic nor alpine. Basal leaves, some or all of them, merely crenate (deeply cleft in no. n). Head of fruit oblong, 2-3 times as long as thick. Flowers 6" broad or less ; sepals slightly hairy. n. R. pedatifidus. Flowers 8"-io" broad, sepals densely tomentose. 12. R. cardiophyllus. Head of fruit globose or subglobose. Petals longer than the sepals. Petals not twice as long as the loosely villous sepals. 13. R. Alleni. Petals several times longer than the glabrous calyx. Basal leaves oval or ovate, not cordate. 14. /?. ovalis. Basal leaves reniform or orbicular, cordate. 15. R.Harveyi. Petals small, shorter than or equalling the sepals. Styles very short. Basal leaves cordate ; plant glabrous or nearly so. 16. R. abortivus. Basal leaves not cordate ; plant villous at least below. 17. R. micranthus. Styles subulate, hooked, nearly one-half as long as the achene. 1 8. R. alleghaniensis. Leaves all lobed or divided. Plant glabrous ; stem hollow ; flowers very small. 19. R.sceleratus. Plants more or less pubescent. Beak of the achene strongly hooked ; flowers 4"-s" wide. 20. R. recurvatus. Beak of the achene short. Erect plants, naturalized in fields ; flowers i' broad. Calyx spreading; roots fibrous. 21. R.acris. Calyx reflexed ; stem bulbous-thickened at base. 22. 7?. bulbosus. Erect or ascending plants of moist soil ; flowers 3" -6" broad. Petals not longer than the reflexed sepals. 23. R. pennsylranicus. Petals longer than the sepals. 24. R. Macounii. Ascending and creeping by stolons; flowers i' broad. 25. R.repens. Beak of the achene long, stout or slender; flowers 6"-i8" broad. Roots slender ; beak stout ; leaflets cuneate at base. 26. R. septentrionalis. Roots thickened ; beak of achene slender, subulate. Leaf-segments broad, oblong or obovate. 27. R. hispidus. Leaf-segments narrow, linear-oblong. 28. R. fascicularis. 2. Achenes with scattered papillae, at least near the margins ; perennial. 29. R. parvulus. 3. Achenes rough-papillose all over ; annual. 30. R. parviflorus. 4. Achenes muricate or spiny. Leaf-lobes broad, obtuse. 31. R. muricatus. Leaf-lobes narrow, subacute. 32. R. arvensis. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. '05 i. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. Yellow Water-Crowfoot. Fig. 1895. Ranunculus multifidus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814. Not Forsk. 1775. R. delphinifolius Torr. ; Eaton, Man. Ed. 2, 395. 1818. Ranunculus lacustris Beck & Tracy, N. Y. Med. and Phys. Journ. 2: 112. 1823. R. missouriensis Greene, Erythea 3: 20. 1895. Aquatic or partly emersed, branching, sometimes several feet long. Immersed leaves repeatedly di- vided into capillary segments, short-petioled, i'~3' long; emersed leaves glabrous or pubescent, \'-2' broad, petioled or the upper nearly sessile, 3~5-di- vided, the divisions cleft into linear or cuneate segments; flowers yellow, 3"-i8" broad; petals 5-8, much longer than the sepals ; head of fruit globose or oblong, 3 "-5" long; achenes less than i" long, callous-margined, at least toward the base, tipped with a straight persistent beak of one-half their length or more. In ponds, Maine and Ontario to Michigan, Oregon, North Carolina, Missouri and Arkansas. The so-called var. tcrrestris is an emersed form. June-Aug. 2. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Pursh's Buttercup. Fig. 1896. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Frank. Journ. 741. 1823. Ranunculus limosus Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 20. 1838. Ranunculus multifidus var. repens S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 8. 1871. Perennial, floating or creeping, usually pubescent at least on the younger parts, sometimes densely so ; stems slender, often rooting from the lower nodes, 2 f -S r long. Leaves slender-petioled, orbicular or reniform in outline, i'-i' wide, palmately divided nearly to the base into obtuse lobes or segments; flowers yellow, long-peduncled, 2" -7" broad ; sepals spreading, ovate, obtusish, early deciduous; petals about 5; head of fruit subglobose or ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2"-3" long; achenes little compressed, smooth, not margined, \" long, acutish on the back, abruptly tipped with a slender style of about one- third their length. In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Michigan, North Dakota, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Utah. July-Aug. 3. Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. Arctic Buttercup^ Fig. 1897. Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. Skrift. Kjoeb. Selsk. 10 : 458. 1770. Stem slender, glabrous, filiform, creeping, 2'-6' long. Leaves petioled, 3-lobed or cleft, broadly ovate, 2"-$" broad, 2"-^" long, obtuse, the base cuneate or rounded, the lobes oblong, ob- tuse, the lateral ones sometimes toothed ; petioles sheathing and biauriculate ; flowers few, 2"-$" broad, yellow ; petals slightly shorter than the reflexed sepals; peduncles 4"-6" long; head of fruit globose, 2" broad ; achenes slightly compressed, with a minute blunt point. Labrador, Greenland, arctic America, Iceland, northern Europe and Siberia. Summer. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL II. 5. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Low Spearwort. Fig. 1899. R. pusillus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 99. 1804. Annual, slender, weak, glabrous, branching, 6'-i8' long. Leaves entire or denticulate, the lower oblong or ovate, sometimes cordate, on long petioles, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear, short-petioled or sessile; flowers yel- low, 2 "-3" broad, the petals few, often barely exceeding the sepals; stamens i-io; head of fruit globose, 2" broad ; achenes beakless, merely tipped by the very short persistent style-base. Marshes, southern New York and New Jersey near the coast, southeastern Pennsylvania, south to Florida and west through the Gulf States to Texas, north to Tennessee and Missouri. Dwarf crowfoot. April-July. 4. Ranunculus lapponicus L. Lap- land Buttercup. Fig. 1898. R. lapponicus L. Sp. PI. 553. 1753. Anemone nudicaulis A. Gray, Coult. Bot. Gaz. ii : 17. 1886. Scapose from running rootstocks, 3'-6' high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the blade i'-ij' broad, reniform, 3-parted, the divi- sions broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, crenate or lobed; scape i-flo\vered, slender, longer than the leaves, occasionally bearing a single deeply lobed leaf; flower 3"-5" broad, yellow ; petals 5-6, veined with orange ; sepals generally fewer and re- flexed ; head of fruit globose, 6" broad ; achenes flattened, ovate, gradually narrowed into a slender hooked beak. In bogs, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to northern Minnesota. Northern Eu- rope and Siberia. Summer. 6. Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. Oblong- leaved Spearwort. Fig. 1900. Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 58. 1821-24. Ranunculus pusillus var. oblongifolius T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 16. 1838. Annual, branched above, erect or ascend- ing, i-2 high, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves entire or denticulate, oblong, or oblong-lanceo- late, the lower on long petioles, the blade some- times 3' long, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear; flowers yellow, 3"-6" broad, the 5 petals much exceeding the sepals; stamens numerous; head of fruit 2" broad ; achenes merely tipped by the very short style-base. In swamps, near the coast, Delaware to Florida and Texas, north to southern Illinois and Missouri. April-Sept. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 107 7. Ranunculus reptans L. Creeping Spearwort. Ranunculus reptans L. Sp. PI. 549. 1753. Ranunculus filiformis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 320. 1803. Ranunculus Flammula var. reptans E. Meyer. PI. Lab. 96. 1830. R. Flammula intermedius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : u. 1829. Trailing or reclining, glabrous or pubescent, rooting from the nodes, the flowering stems and peduncles ascending. Leaves linear, lanceolate or spatulate, i'-2 f long, mainly en- tire, gradually narrowed into the petiole; flowers bright yel- low, 4"-5" broad, solitary on peduncles i'~3' long, petals 4-7, much exceeding the calyx; achenes flattish, with a minute sharp beak; stamens numerous. On shores, Newfoundland and arctic America, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe. Summer. Ranunculus Flammula L., which has larger mostly broader leaves, the stout stem rooting only at the lower nodes, is recorded from Newfoundland, and is widely distributed in Europe and Asia. 8. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. Water Plantain Spearwort. Fig. 1902. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.; 5: 359. 1808. Ranunculus alismaefolius A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 41. 1867. Not Geyer, 1848. Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. Bibliog. Index i : 16. 1878. Mostly stout and i-3 high, ascending, glabrous, rooting from the lower nodes ; stem hollow, sometimes nearly i' thick at the base. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 3'-6' long, s"-i2" wide, den- ticulate or entire, all but the uppermost on broad petioles, which clasp the stem by a broad base ; flowers yellow, panicled, 6"- 8" broad; petals 5-7, much exceeding the sepals; head of fruit globose or slightly elongated, s"-6" in diameter; achenes compressed, 4" long, subulate-beaked, but the beak early deciduous. Marshes, Maine and Ontario to Georgia, Tennessee, Minnesota and Arkansas. June- Aug. g. Ranunculus nivalis L. Snow Butter- cup. Fig. 1903. Ranunculus nivalis L. Sp. PI. 553. 1753. Stem simple, 4'-i2' high. Basal leaves long- petioled, 3-7-lobed, or crenate, thick, glabrous, the blade about i' broad, those of the stem short- petioled or sessile, deeply lobed ; flowers solitary, 6"-o/' broad, white or light yellow ; calyx nearly half the length of the petals, densely black or brown hairy all over, as is the upper part of the peduncle; head of fruit oblong, 6" long; achenes tipped with the subulate style. Labrador and arctic America generally ; also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. io8 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 10. Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. Pigmy Butter- cup. Fig. 1904. Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 157. 1812. Small, i '-2' high, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Basal leaves slender-petioled, deeply 3-5-lobed or divided, the blade 3"-6" wide; those of the stem similar and nearly sessile ; flowers yellow, 2"-$" wide, the petals slightly ex- ceeding the glabrous or slightly pubescent sepals ; head of fruit short-oblong, 2" long; achenes \" long, lenticular, tipped with a slender beak. Quebec, Labrador, arctic America, and in the Rocky Moun- tains. Also in Europe and Asia. Ranunculus Sabini R. Br. is another arctic and Rocky Moun- tain species, differing from this by larger flowers and densely pubescent sepals. ii. Ranunculus pedatifidus J. E. Smith. Northern Buttercup. Fig. 1905. Ranunculus pedatifidus J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop, no. 72. 1813-16. R. affinis R. Br. in Parry's Voy. App. 265. 1823. Erect, 4/-I2' high, branching. Basal leaves peti- oled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, about i' broad, obtuse, irregularly deeply cleft, those of the stem deeply lobed, nearly sessile, the lobes narrow ; flowers yellow, 4"-6" broad, the petals exceeding the spreading pubescent calyx ; head of fruit oblong, 3"- 6" long; achenes oval, tipped with a short beak, often hairy. Labrador to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in northern Asia. Rough-fruited crow- foot. Summer. 12. Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook. Heart-leaved Buttercup. Fig. 1906. R. cardiophyllus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:14. 1829. Ranunculus pedatifidus cardiophyllus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 18 : 265. 1891. Erect, 4'-i5' high, simple or usually spar- ingly branched. Basal leaves long-petioled, orbicular to ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly i'-ii' broad, coarsely crenate, incised or shal- lowly lobed, those of the stem short-petioled or nearly sessile, deeply lobed or parted, the lobes narrow, mostly acute or acutish ; flowers yellow, larger than in R. pedatifidus, 8"-io" broad, the petals much exceeding the densely tomentose calyx ; head of fruit cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, 6"-8" long; achenes subor- bicular, slender-beaked, finely hairy. In wet meadows and low grounds, Alberta and Saskatchewan to Nebraska and Colorado. May- Aug. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 109 13. Ranunculus Alleni Robinson. Allen's But- tercup. Fig. 1907. Ranunculus Alleni Robinson, Rhodora 7: 220. 1905. Sparingly pubescent, 4'-8' high, usually branched. Basal leaves long-petioled, orbicular to reniform, 7"-n' wide, coarsely crenate or incised, broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base ; cauline leaves sessile or nearly so, deeply cleft or parted into 3-5 mostly oblong or elliptic segments; flowers bright yellow, 5i"-65" broad, the petals broad, not twice exceeding the loosely villous calyx ; head of fruit ovoid to oval ; achenes obliquely obovoid, glabrous, minutely beaked. In moist grounds, Quebec. Aug. Confused with R. pedatifidus in our first edition. 14. Ranunculus ovalis Raf . Prairie Crow- foot. Fig. 1908. Ranunculus ovalis Raf. Proc. Dec. 36. 1814. Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6 : 329. 1822. Pubescent, branching, 6'-i8' high. Lower and basal leaves oval, oblong, or ovate-oblong, long- petioled, the blade i' in length or more, crenate or slightly lobed, obtuse, the base more or less cuneate, rarely subcordate ; upper cauline leaves sessile or short-petioled, deeply divided into 3-7 linear or oblong obtuse lobes ; flowers yellow, 9"-! 2" broad, the petals narrow and much exceed- ing the calyx ; head of fruit spherical ; carpels and achenes oval or orbicular, minutely beaked. In fields and on prairies, Labrador ( ?), Quebec and Ontario to Saskatchewan, Alberta, Illinois, Wiscon- sin and Nebraska. March-May. 15. Ranunculus Harveyi (A. Gray) Brit- ton. Harvey's Buttercup. Fig. 1909. Ranunculus abortivus var. Harveyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21 : 372. 1886. R. Harveyi Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 159. 1894. Glabrous, stem erect, slender, branched, 8'-i8' tall, from a cluster of narrowly fusiform roots. Leaves thin, the basal and lower ones long- petioled, reniform or suborbicular, obtusely crenate or somewhat lobed, s"-i8" wide, cordate, or some of them truncate at the base, the upper sessile or nearly so, deeply 3-cleft or 3-parted into linear or narrowly oblong entire or few- toothed obtuse segments ; flowers bright yellow, 6"-o/' broad; petals 4-8, oblong, 4 or 5 times as long as the reflexed sepals; head of fruit globose, 2" in diameter; achenes oblique, compressed, tipped with a minute straight beak. On dry hillsides, Missouri and Arkansas. April- May. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 1 6. Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney- or Smooth-leaved Crowfoot. Fig. 1910. Ranunculus abortivus L. Sp. PI. 551. 1/53. R. abortivus encyclus Fernald, Rhodora i : 52. 1899. Glabrous, or but sparingly pubescent, 6'-2 high, branched. Basal leaves long-petioled, bright green, thick, crenate or sometimes lobed, broadly ovate, obtuse, and generally cordate or reniform, the cauline sessile or nearly so, di- vided into oblong or linear somewhat cuneate lobes; head of fruit globose, the receptacle short, pubescent ; flowers yellow, 2"-$" broad, the petals oblong, shorter than the reflexed calyx ; achenes tipped with a minute curved beak. In woods and moist grounds, Labrador and Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida, Arkansas and Colorado. Recorded as biennial in duration. April- June. 17. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. Rock Crowfoot. Fig. 1911. R. micranthus Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 18. 1838. Ranunculus abortivus var. micranthus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 42. 1867. Similar to the preceding species but usually smaller, villous with spreading hairs, flowering when very young, 6'-i8' tall. Leaves thin, dull green, the basal ones ovate, obovate, or subor- bicular, 3-lobed or crenate, narrowed, rounded or subcordate at the base; segments of the upper leaves narrow, entire or sharply toothed ; flowers yellow, about 3" broad ; sepals narrowed into a short claw ; petals oblong or oval, 2-3 times as long as wide ; head of fruit rather longer than thick, the receptacle linear, glabrous or very nearly so. In rich woods, often on rocks, Maine to Minnesota, Saskatchewan, Georgia, Arkansas and Colorado. In New York it blooms somewhat earlier than the pre- ceding species. Roots tuberous. April-May. 18. Ranunculus alleghaniensis Britton. Mountain Crowfoot. Fig. 1912. Ranunculus alleghaniensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 22 : 224. 1895. Similar in aspect to R. abortivus and R. mi- cranthus, glabrous, stem widely branched, i- 2 tall. Basal leaves reniform or suborbicular, 6"-2 f wide, long-petioled, crenate or some of them lobed, the teeth and lobes subacute; stem leaves sessile or the lower petioled, divided nearly or quite to the base into linear acute^ en- tire toothed or cleft segments ; ^flowers 2 "-3" broad; petals oblong, not exceeding the calyx, yellow, glandular; head of fruit globose or glo- bose-oblong, 2" in diameter; achenes slightly compressed and margined, tipped with subulate hooked or recurved styles of about one-half their length. In rich woods, Vermont, Massachusetts and New York to the mountains of North Carolina. Plant slightly glaucous. April-May. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. HI ig. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Fig. 1913. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Sp. PI. 551. 1753. R. eremogenes Greene, Erythea 4: 121. 1896. Stout, glabrous, or nearly so, 6'-2 high, freely branching, stem hollow, sometimes li' thick. Basal leaves thick, 3-5-lobed, on long and broad petioles, the blade i'-2' broad, reni- form or cordate, those of the stem petioled or the upper sessile, deeply lobed or divided, the lobes obtuse, cuncate-oblong or linear, several- toothed or entire; flowers yellow, numerous, 3"-4" broad, the petals about equalling the calyx; head of fruit oblong or cylindric, 4"-6" long; achenes I" long, very numerous, merely apiculate. In swamps and wet ditches, New Brunswick to Florida, abundant along the coast, and locally westward to North Dakota, Kansas and Nebraska, extending to Alberta, New Mexico and Califor- nia, preferring saline or alkaline situations. Also in Europe and Asia. Ditch- or marsh-crowfoot. Biting- or cursed-crowfoot. Water-celery. Blister- wort. Consists of several races. April-Aug. 20. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked or Rough Crowfoot. Fig. 1914. R. recurvatus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 125. 1804. Erect, 6'-2 high, usually hirsute, branching. Leaves all petioled, broadly reniform, 2'-^' wide, deeply 3-cleft, the divisions broadly cuneate, acute, toothed and lobed; flowers light yellow, 4"-5" broad, the petals shorter than or equalling the reflexed calyx ; head of fruit globose, 6" wide; achenes compressed, margined, tipped with a recurved hooked beak of one-half their length. In woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida, Alabama, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. April-June. 2i. Ranunculus acris L. Tall or Meadow Buttercup. Fig. 1915. Ranunculus acris L. Sp. PI. 554. 1753. Erect, hairy, branched above, 2-3 high ; roots fibrous. Basal leaves tufted, petioled, 3~7-divided, the divisions sessile and cleft into numerous linear to obovate mainly acute lobes ; upper leaves short-petioled and merely 3-parted, distant; flowers nu- merous, bright yellow, about i ! broad; petals twice or thrice the length of the spreading calyx, obovate ; head of fruit globose, 6"-7" broad; achenes compressed, short-beaked. In fields and meadows, Newfoundland to Virginia, British Columbia and Missouri. Bermuda. Naturalized from Europe. Stem sometimes nearly glabrous. Yellow gowan. Gold-knops. Butter-rose, -cresses or -daisy. Horse-gold. Bachelor's-buttons. Blister-plant. May-Sept. I 12 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 22. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous But- tercup. Yellow weed or Gowan. Fig. 1916. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Sp. PL 554. 1753. Erect from a bulbous-thickened base, hairy, 6'-i8' high. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, the ter- minal division stalked, the lateral ones sessile or nearly so, all variously lobed and cleft, flowers bright yellow, about i' broad; petals 5-7, much longer than the reflexed sepals, obovate, rounded ; head of fruit globose, 5"-6" broad; achenes com- pressed, very short-beaked. In fields and along roadsides, New England to North Carolina, Tennessee and Louisiana. Natural- ized from Europe. May-June. In England the name Buttercups is chiefly applied to this species and to R. rcpens and R. acris ; called also in middle English Kingcups, Goldcups, Butter-flowers and Blister-flow- ers. Frogwort. Pilewort. Golden knops. Cuckoo- buds. Pissabed. Horse-gold. St. Anthony's-turnip. May-July. 23. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Bristly Buttercup or Crowfoot Fig. 1917. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Suppl. 272 1781. Erect, branching, pilose-hispid, i-2 high, leafy. Leaves thin, 3-divided; divisions stalked, deeply 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, cuneate, acute, incised; flowers yellow, 3 "-4" wide; petals equalling the reflexed sepals or shorter; head of fruit oblong or cylindric, 3" thick, sometimes 6" long ; achenes smooth, pointed with a sharp beak one-third their length; receptacle conic, hairy. In wet, open places, Nova Scotia to Georgia, British Columbia, Kansas and Colorado. June-Aug. 24. Ranunculus Macounii Britton. Ma- coun's Buttercup. Fig. 1918. Ranunculus hispidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:19. 1829. Not Michx. 1803. Ranunculus Macounii Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 12 : 3. 1892. Erect or diffuse, hairy, branching, i-2 high. Leaves 3-divided, the blade 2'-3" long, the divi- sions broadly ' oblong to ovate, acute, cuneate, variously cleft and lobed ; flowers 5"-6" broad, yellow, the petals exceeding the spreading or slightly reflexed calyx; head of fruit globose to oblong, 4" thick ; achenes smooth, pointed with a sharp beak about one-fourth their length; recep- tacle obovoid. Quebec and Ontario to Illinois, Minnesota and west to British Columbia and Washington, extending south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Summer. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 25. Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup. Gold-balls. Fig. 1919. Ranunculus repens L. Sp. PI. 554. 1753. R, Clintoni Beck, Bot. N. & Mid. States 9. 1833. Generally hairy, sometimes only slightly so, spreading by runners and forming large patches. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, the ter- minal division, or all three stalked, all ovate, cuneate or truncate, acute, cleft and lobed, often blotched ; flowers nearly i' broad ; petals obovate, much exceeding the spreading sepals ; head of fruit globose, 4" in diameter; achenes margined, tipped with a stout short slightly bent beak. Fields, roadsides, and in wet grounds, New- foundland to Virginia, Ontario and British Co- lumbia. Bermuda ; Jamaica. Mainly introduced from Europe, but regarded as indigenous in its western range. Ram's-claws. Gold-knops. Butter- daisy. Horse-gold. Sitfast. Yellow gowan. Spotted-leaf buttercup. May-July. 26. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Swamp or Marsh Buttercup. Fig. 1920. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 125. 1804. Roots simply fibrous; plant branching, i-3 high, glabrous, or pubescent, the later branches procum- bent and sometimes rooting at the nodes. Leaves large, petioled, 3-divided ; divisions mostly stalked, usually cuneate at the base, cleft into broad lobes ; lower petioles occasionally a foot long; flowers i' in diameter or more, bright yellow; petals obovate, twice the length of the spreading sepals ; head of fruit globose or oval, 4" in diameter; achenes flat, strongly margined, subulate-beaked by the stout sword-shaped style which is of nearly their length and often early deciduous. Mainly in swamps and low grounds, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Georgia and Kansas. April-July. Ranunculus sicaefdrmis Mack. & Bush, of Missouri and Minnesota, seems to be a hispid-pubescent race of this species. 27. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Hispid Buttercup. Fig. 1921. f?. hispidus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 321. 1803. Usually densely villous when young, sometimes merely appressed-pubescent or glabrate when old ; stems ascending or spreading, 8'-2 long; plant not stoloniferous; roots a cluster of thickened fibers. Leaves pinnately 3-5-divided, the divisions ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, sharply cleft or lobed, usually thin ; flow- ers 6"-i8" broad ; petals oblong, about twice as long as the spreading sepals, entire or emarginate ; head of fruit globose-oval or globose; achenes broadly oval, lenticular, narrowly margined, ab- ruptly tipped by a subulate style of about one- half their length. In dry woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to North Dakota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. The earliest flowering buttercup of the vicinity of New York. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. March- May. 8 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 28. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Early or Tufted Buttercup. Fig. 1922. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Cat. 54. 1813. Appressed-pubescent ; fibrous roots thickened ; plant generally low, 6'-i2' high, tufted. Leaves petioled, 3-5-divided; divisions stalked (especially the terminal one), deeply lobed and cleft, the lobes oblong or linear; flowers about i' broad; petals yel- low, obovate-spatulate, much longer than the spread- ing sepals, rounded, truncate or even emarginate ; head of fruit globose, about 4" in diameter; achenes flat, slightly margined, beaked with the subulate per- sistent style which is nearly or quite their length. Woods, Ontario to Massachusetts, North Carolina, Wisconsin, Kansas and Texas. Reported from Mani- toba. Not common near the Atlantic coast. Bundle- rooted buttercup. Cowslip. April-May. 29. Ranunculus parvulus L. Hairy Butter- cup. Fig. 1923. Ranunculus parvulus L. Mant. i : 79. 1767. Ranunculus Philonotis Retz, Obs. 6: 31. 1791. Erect, hairy, 6'-is' high, branching. Basal and lower leaves broad-petioled, the blade i'-2' broad and long, 3-divided or cleft, the divisions broadly ovate, cuneate, stalked, cleft and lobed, the terminal sessile or nearly so, deeply cleft into linear-oblong obtuse segments ; flowers yellow, 12" broad or less ; petals much exceeding the reflexed calyx ; head of fruit oblong, 2"-$" thick ; achenes flat, strongly mar- gined, short-beaked, provided with a series of small tubercles or papillae which become more prominent in drying, or nearly smooth. In ballast grounds and waste places, New Brunswick ; Pennsylvania to Florida. Adventive from Europe,, Summer. 30. Ranunculus parviflorus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Fig. 1924. Ranunculus parviflorus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 780. 1763. Hairy, slender, diffuse, annual, branching from the base, 6'-io' high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, i' broad or less, 3-cleft, the lobes broadly oval, obtuse, cut and toothed; upper leaves short-petioled or nearly sessile, 3~5-parted into linear-oblong lobes; flowers yellow, i"-2" wide ; petals not much longer than the calyx; head of fruit globose, 2" broad ; achenes flat, margined, densely papillose, ij" long, tipped with a sharp beak of about one- fourth their length. In waste places, Maryland and eastern Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas, and in ballast grounds about the northern seaports. Naturalized or fugi- tive from Europe. Also naturalized in Bermuda and in Jamaica. Summer. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 31. Ranunculus muricatus L. Spiny- fruited Crowfoot. Fig. 1925. Ranunculus muricatus L. Sp. PI. 555. 1753. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched from the base, i-2 high. Lower and basal leaves on long broad petioles, the blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, i'-2' wide, 3-lobed, cleft, or crenate; the upper 3-divided, cuneate, short-petioled or sessile; flowers light yellow, s"-5" wide, the petals exceeding the calyx ; head of fruit globular, 5"-6" wide ; achenes flat, with a broad smooth margin, densely muricate and spiny on the sides, 2" long, tipped with a stout slightly curved beak of one-half their length, the stout margin unarmed. Waste places and fields, eastern Virginia to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Bermuda. Natu- ralized or adventive from Europe. Also on the Pacific Coast Native also in Asia. Summer. 32. Ranunculus arvensis L. Corn Crow- foot. Hunger-weed. Fig. 1926. Ranunculus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 555. 1753. Erect, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched above, i or more high. Lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile, all deeply cleft or divided into linear-oblong, obtuse cuneate, lobed or toothed segments or the low- est entire; flowers 6"-&" broad, pale yellow, the petals exceeding the sepals; achenes 4-8, flattened, margined, spiny-tuberculate on the sides and margin, 2" long, tipped with a sub- ulate beak more than one-half their length. In waste grounds, southern New York and New Jersey to Ohio, and in ballast. Fugitive from Europe, where it is abundant in grain-fields. Called Hunger-weed because supposed to indicate, when prevalent, a poor crop and consequent want. Starve-acre. DeviFs-claws. Hell-weed. Horse- gold. Gold-weed. Summer. 21. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 720. 1821. Perennial aquatic or ditch herbs, with alternate dissected or palmately lobed leaves, the segments of the submerged ones often filiform, and solitary rather small white flowers, borne on peduncles opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals usually 5. Petals oblong or oval, the base sometimes yellowish, the claw bearing a small pit. Stamens several or nu- merous. Achenes oblique, compressed, not margined, beakless or short-beaked, transversely wrinkled. [Greek, referring to the aquatic habitat.] About 20 species of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, several others occur in western North America. Type species : Batrachium hederaceum (L.) S. F. Gray. Leaves all dissected into filiform segments and lobes. Leaves t'-a' long, flaccid, collapsing when taken from the water. i. B. trichophylhtm. Leaves i' long or less, rigid when taken from the water. 2. B. circinatum. Leaves all reniform or broadly ovate, 3-s-lobed, s"-io" wide. 3. B. hederaceum. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) F. Schultz. White Water-Crowfoot. Fig. 1927. Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix in Vill. Hist. PL Dauph. i: 335- 1786. Batrachium trichophyllum F. Schultz, Arch. Fl. France et All. i: 107. 1848. Ranunculus aquatilis var. trichophyllus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 40. 1867. R. aquatilis var. caespitosus DC. Prodr. i : 26. 1824. R. aquatilis capillaceus DC. Prodr. i : 26. 1824. Submerged; stems branching, usually i long or more. Leaves petioled, i'-2 r long, flaccid and col- lapsing when withdrawn from the water, repeatedly forked into capillary divisions; flowers white, 6" -9" broad, on stout peduncles i'-2' long, blooming at the surface of the water; head of fruit globose, 2" broad; receptacle hairy ; achenes apiculate. In ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to British Colum- bia, south to North Carolina and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Consists, apparently, of numerous races, differing in habit, in size of flowers, number of stamens and shape of petals ; several of these have been recognized as species. Water-milfoil. Green eel-grass. Pickerel-weed. June-Sept. 2. Batrachium circinatum (Sibth.) Rchb. Stiff White Water-Crowfoot. Fig. 1928. Ranunculus circinatus Sibth.; J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 596. 1800. Batrachium circinatum Rchb. ; Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 201. 1839. R. aquatilis var. divaricatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 7. 1856. Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves are shorter, less than i' long, spreading nearly at right angles from the stem, rigid when withdrawn from the water and sessile or nearly so; there appear to be no constant differences in flower or fruit. In ponds and slow streams, Ontario, New England, northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and west to the Pacific Coast, ex- tending south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in Eu- rope. Summer. Referred in our first edition to Batrachium divaricatum (Schrank) Wimmer. Batrachium longirostre (Godr.) F. Schultz, if distinct from this species, differs in having a longer beak to the achene. 3. Batrachium hederaceum (L.) S. F. Gray. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. Fig. 1929. Ranunculus hederaceus L. Sp. PL 556. 1753. Batrachium hederaceum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PL 2 : 721. 1821. Semi-aquatic, rooting extensively at the joints, branching, entirely glabrous. Leaves floating, or spreading on the mud, semi-circular, reniform or broadly ovate in outline, 3~5-lobed, 3"-6" long, 5"- 10" broad, the lobes obtuse; flowers 2"-3" broad; head of fruit globose, 2" wide; receptacle glabrous; achenes minutely beaked. In ponds and pools, Newfoundland ; southeastern Vir- ginia and Maryland. Naturalized from Europe. June- GENUS 22. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 117 22. FICARIA [Rupp.] Huds. Fl. Angl. 213. 1762. Glabrous slightly fleshy perennial herbs, with thickened tuberous roots, branched or simple spreading or erect stems, petioled entire or toothed cordate leaves, and large solitary yellow terminal or axillary flowers. Sepals 3 or sometimes 5, deciduous. Petals 7-12 (com- monly 8), yellow, or red at the base, bearing a small pit and scale at the base of the blade. Stamens and pistils numerous. Achenes slightly compressed, blunt, not wrinkled nor ribbed. Cotyledon only one. [Latin, fig, from the fig-like thickened roots.] About 4 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Ficaria verna Huds. i. Ficaria Ficaria (L.) Karst. Lesser Celandine. Fig. 1930. Ranunculus Ficaria L. Sp. PI. 550. 1753. F. verna Huds. Fl. Angl. 214. 1762. F. ranunculoides Moench, Meth. 215. 1794. Glabrous, flowering stems scapose, 4'~5' high, bearing i or 2 leaves or naked, erect from large fleshy thick- ened roots. Leaves ovate, cordate, obtuse, crenate, somewhat fleshy, on broad petioles, the blade i'-2' long; flowers yellow, i' broad; sepals 3; petals 8 or 9; head of fruit globose, \' broad ; carpels beakless, truncate. Massachusetts to the District of Colum- bia. Fugitive from Europe, where it is a common pasture weed, occurring also in western Asia. Pilewort. Grain. Figwort- buttercup. Golden guineas. Golden cup. April-May. Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina Nutt., of Wyoming and Colorado, admitted into our first edition as also of Nebraska, is here omitted, as the specimens so determined, and recorded in the " Catalogue of Ne- braska Plants," prove, on examination, to be Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. 23. HALERPESTES Greene, Pittonia 4: 207. 1900. Perennial herbs, with crenate dentate or lobed long-petioled leaves, and small yellow flowers, solitary or 2-7 together on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals usually 5, spread- ing, tardily deciduous. Petals 5-12, yellow, each bearing a small nectar-pit and scale near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Head of fruit oblong, oval or subglobose. Achenes compressed, sometimes swollen, longitudinally striate, without a hard coat. [Greek, coastal creeper.] Two species, the following typical one of North America, Asia and southern South America, the other Asiatic. i. Halerpestes Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene. Seaside Crowfoot. Fig. 1931. Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 392. 1814. Oxygraphis Cymbalaria Prantl, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 2, 63. 1891. Cyrtorhyncha Cymbalaria Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 161. 1894. H. Cymbalaria Greene, Pittonia 4: 208. 1900. Low, glabrous, somewhat succulent, spreading by run- ners. Leaves mostly basal, slender-petioled, the blade cordate-oval or reniform, crenate, 2" -9" long; flowers 1-7, about 3"-4" broad, borne on scapes i'-g' long, these some- times bearing one or more leaves toward the base; head of fruit oblong, 3"-8" long ; achenes compressed, somewhat swollen, distinctly striate, minutely sharp-pointed. On sandy shores, Labrador to New Jersey, west along the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes to Minnesota, Kansas and the Northwest Territory, and in saline soil throughout the western half of the continent, extending into Mexico. Also in Asia and South America. The so-called var. alpina Hook, is a small northern race. Summer. nS RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 1. T. alpinum. 2. T. clavatum. 3. T. coriaceum. 4. T. caulophylloides. 5. T. revolutum. 6. T. dasycarpum. 24. THALICTRUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Erect perennial herbs. Leaves ternately decompound, basal and cauline, the latter alter- nate. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, generally small, greenish-white or purplish, panicled or racemed. Sepals 4 or 5, caducous or early deciduous. Petals none. Achenes commonly few, one-seeded, ribbed or nerved, inflated in some species, stipitate or sessile. Stamens , exserted. [Derivation doubtful, name used for same plant by Dioscorides.] A genus of about 85 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone, a few in the Andes of South America, India and South Africa. In addition to the species described below, about 12 others are North American, natives of the Southern States, the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast. Type species : Thalictrum foetidum L. Flowers perfect. Stem simple, scape-like ; achenes sessile ; filaments slender. Stem branched, leafy ; achenes long-stipitate ; filaments petal-like. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Achenes distinctly stipitate. Roots bright yellow ; terminal leaflets not wider than long. Roots not yellow ; terminal leaflets wider than long. Achenes sessile or nearly so. Leaflets waxy-glandular beneath. Leaflets not waxy-glandular. Filaments capillary or slightly thickened upward. Leaflets oblong, longer than wide, mostly puberulent beneath. Leaflets suborbicular, pale and glabrous beneath. Achenes thick-walled, indistinctly ridged. 7. T. venulositm. Achenes thin-walled, distinctly ribbed. 8. T. dioicum, Filaments club-shaped, often as wide as the anthers. 9. T. polygamum. i. Thalictrum alpinum L. Arctic or Dwarf Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1932. Thalictrum alpinum L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Smooth or slightly glandular, i'-i2' high. Leaves small, tufted at the summits of scaly rootstocks, biter- nate; the scapiform stem leafless or i-leaved near the base ; leaflets cuneate-obovate or orbicular, firm, 3-5- lobed at the apex, margins revolute ; panicle very simple, often racemose; flowers perfect; stamens about 10; filaments filiform, about equalling the sepals; anthers oblong-linear, mucronate; stigma linear; achenes li" long, obliquely obovoid, sessile. Anticosti, Newfoundland and arctic America generally. Also in the Rocky Mountains, and in Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Thalictrum clavatum DC. Moun- tain Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1933. Thalictrum clavatum DC. Syst. I : 171. 1818. Glabrous, branching, 6'-24' high. Leaves basal and cauline, biternate; leaflets oval, ovate, or the terminal obovate-cuneate, thin, pale beneath, stalked, with 3 main lobes and a few secondary ones, their margins not revo- lute; inflorescence cymose; flowers perfect; filaments clavate and petal-like ; anthers ob- long, blunt; achenes spreading, equalling their stipes or longer, obliquely oblong, nar- rowed at each end, flattened; stigma minute. Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Slender meadow-rue. May-June. VjENUS 24. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 119 3. Thalictrum coriaceum (Britton) Small. Thick-leaved Meado \v-Rue. Fig. I934- Thalictrum dioicum var. coriaceum Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 18 : 363. 1891. Thalictrum coriaceum Small, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 98. 1893. Tall, 3-5 high, the large roptstocks and roots bright yellow. Stem striate, panicu- lately branched above; leaves 3-4-ternate, short-petioled, the lower petioles expanded at the base into stipule-like appendages ; leaflets obovate or reniform-orbicular, cori- aceous, nearly white beneath, usually deeply and sharply incised, the veins prominent on the lower surface ; flowers dioecious, the staminate nearly white, the anthers linear, subulate-tipped, longer than the filiform filaments; pistillate flowers purple; achenes oblong-ovoid, subacute, stalked, sharply ribbed, somewhat longer than the persis- tent style. In open places, Pennsylvania to Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee. May-June. 4. Thalictrum caulophylloides Small. Cohosh Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1935. Thalictrum caulophylloides Small, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 136. 1898. Tall, 2j-5J high, the creeping rootstocks and the roots, pale. Stem finely striate, rather widely branched above ; leaves 3-4-ternate, very short- petioled, with the stipular appendages smaller than in T. coriaceum; leaflets thinnish, but firm, broadly oval, suborbicular or somewhat reniform in outline, larger than in T. coriaceum, the terminal ones wider than long, all 3-5-lobed, pale or glaucous beneath; flowers dioecious, the staminate greenish, the anthers narrowly linear, larger, longer- and more slender- tipped than in T. coriaceum; pistillate flowers greenish-purple; achenes elliptic, acute, decidedly stalked, sharply ridged, much longer than the per- sistent style. On mountain sides and river banks, Maryland and Virginia near the District of Columbia and in eastern Tennessee. May-July. 5. Thalictrum revolutum DC. Waxy Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1936. Thalictrum revolutum DC. Syst. i: 173. 1818. T. purpurascens var. cerifcrum Austin ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 39. 1867. Stem mostly stout, often purplish, 3-7 high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 3-4-ternate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile or short petioled ; leaflets firm in texture, ovate to obovate, i-3-lobed above the middle or entire, dark green above, paler and waxy-resinous or glandular-pubescent beneath, their margins somewhat revolute ; flowers dioecious or polygamous; filaments capillary or slightly thick- ened above, twice as long as the linear anthers, early drooping; achenes very short-stipitate or sessile, ridged. Woodlands, thickets and river-banks, Massachusetts to South Carolina, Ontario, Tennessee and Missouri. May-June. Plant strongly odorous. 120 RANUNCULACEAE. You II. 6. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Purplish or Tall Meadow- Rue. Fig. 1937. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 8 : 72. 1842. Stout, erect, purplish, 4-7 high, leafy, branching above, pubescent or glabrous ; leaves 3-4-ternate, those of the stem sessile or short- petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, dark green above, commonly somewhat pubescent, but neither waxy nor glandular beneath, and with 3 main apical pointed lobes ; panicle compound, leafy, i long or more; flowers dioecious or perhaps sometimes polygamous ; filaments narrow, slightly widened above; anthers linear or linear-oblong, cuspidate ; achenes ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, short-stipitate, with 6-8 longitudinal wings. In copses and woodlands, New Jersey to North Dakota, Saskatchewan, Nebraska and Arizona. Illustrated in our first edition as T. purpurascens L. June-Aug. 7. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease. Veiny Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1938. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 302. 1886. T. campestre Greene, Erythea 4: 123. 1896. T. confine Fernald, Rhodora 2: 232. 1900. Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, stem erect, or assurgent at the base, 6'-2 tall. Leaves 3-4-ternate, long-petioled ; leaflets firm, obovate or suborbicular, rounded at the apex, cuneate, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 4"-8" long, 3~5-lobed, the lower surface rather prominently rugose-veined ; panicle narrow, its branches nearly erect; flowers dioecious; stamens 8-20; filaments slender; anthers linear, slender-pointed; achenes ovoid, nearly sessile, tapering into a short beak, thick-walled, slightly 2-edged. In gravelly and rocky soil, Nova Scotia to Maine, New York, Manitoba, Washington, South Dakota and Colorado. Has been confused with T. occidentale A. Gray. May-July. 8. Thalictrum dioicum L. Early Meadow- Rue. Fig. 1939. Thalictrum dioicum L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Glabrous, erect, i-2 high, slender, leafy. Roots not yellow ; leaves 3-4-ternate ; leaflets thin, pale beneath, orbicular or broader, often cordate and the terminal one somewhat cuneate, 5-9-lobed ; flowers dioecious, greenish, drooping or spreading; panicle elongated, of numerous lateral corymbs or umbels ; filaments longer than the sepals ; anthers linear, blunt, longer than the filaments ; stigma elongated ; achenes ovoid, ses- sile or minutely stipitate, strongly ribbed, much longer than the style. In woods, Maine to Alabama, Saskatchewan and Missouri. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. Poor-man's rhubarb. Shining grass. Quicksilver- weed. Feathered columbine. April-May. Recorded from Labrador. GENUS 24. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 121 9. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Fall Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1940. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Cat. 54. 1813. Thalictrum Cornuti T. & G. Fl. N. A. I : 38. Not L. 1753. 1838. Stout, 3-ii high, branching, leafy, smooth or pubescent but not glandular nor waxy. Leaves 3~4-ternate; leaflets moderately thick, light green above and paler beneath, oblong, obovate or or- bicular, with 3 main apical pointed or obtuse lobes ; panicle compound, leafy, a foot long or more; flowers polygamous, white or purplish; filaments broadened, narrowly clavate; anthers oblong, short ; achenes ovoid, short-stipitate, 6-8- winged, glabrous or pubescent. Newfoundland to Florida, Ontario and Ohio. Its favorite habitat is in open sunny swamps. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Silver-weed. Rattlesnake- bite. Musket- or musquash-weed. Celandine. Several additional species of Thalictrum from within our range have been described by Professor Greene, at least some of which are referable to T. polygamum as races. 25. ADONIS [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 547. 1753. Erect, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnately dissected into numerous linear segments. Flowers yellow or red, solitary, terminal. Petals 5-16, conspicuous. Car- pels oo, i-ovuled. Achenes capitate or spicate, rugose-reticulated, tipped with the persistent styles. [Mythological name for a favorite of Venus, changed into a flower.] A genus of showy-flowered plants, natives of the north temperate regions of Europe and Asia, consisting of the following and about five other species. Type species : Adonis annua L. i. Adonis annua L. Pheasant's or Bird's Eye. Fig. 1941. Adonis annua L. Sp. PI. 547. 1753. Adonis autumnalis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 771. 1763. Annual, erect, i-2 high, branched, gla- brous. Leaves finally dissected, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the segments acute ; sepals smooth, deciduous ; flowers p"-i8" broad, nearly globular, orange or red, the petals obovate, and darker colored at the base ; achenes spicate. Commonly cultivated for ornament ; sponta- neous in gardens and occasionally escaped into waste places, especially southward. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Adonis'-flower. Red- morocco. Camomile. 26. CLEMATIS L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Climbing vines, more or less woody. Leaves opposite, slender-petioled, pinnately com- pound. Flowers cymose-paniculate, our species dioecious, or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 5, valvate in the bud, spreading, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens numerous, spreading; fila- ments mostly glabrous; anthers short, blunt. Pistils numerous. Achenes i-seeded. Style long, persistent, plumose. [Greek name for some climbing plant.] About 25 species of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, several others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Clematis vitalba L. Leaves 3-foliolate ; eastern. i. C. virginiana. Leaves pinnately s-7-foliolate ; western. 2. C. ligusticifolia. 122 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Clematis virginiana L. Virginia Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1942. Clematis virginiana L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 275. 1759. A long vine, climbing over bushes in low woodlands and along fences and water-courses. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, trifoliolate; leaflets mostly broadly ovate, acute at the apex, toothed or lobed, sometimes slightly cordate; flowers white, in leafy panicles, polygamo-dioecious, 8"-is" broad when expanded ; filaments glabrous ; persistent styles plumose, i' long or more. Georgia to Tennessee, northward to Nova Scotia and Manitoba. Leaves rarely s-foliolate. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Woodbine. Traveler's-joy. Love-vine. Devil's-hair or -darning-needle. Wild hops. July-Sept. Clematis missouriensis Rydb., of Missouri, Kan- sas and Nebraska, differs in having marginless achenes and in being more pubescent ; it has been confused with C. Catesbyana Pursh, of the southern states and may be specifically distinct. 2. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Western Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1943. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 9. 1838. A trailing and climbing vine, nearly glabrous. Leaves pinnately 5-foliolate, the lower pair of leaf- lets generally remote from the upper ; leaflets oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute and sometimes acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, toothed, lobed or divided ; flowers white, in leafy panicles, 6"-g" broad when expanded, the stamens about equalling the sepals ; filaments glabrous ; persistent styles plumose throughout, nearly white, i '-2' long. Western Nebraska, Missouri, and throughout the Rocky Mountain region, west to the Pacific Coast. Wind- flower. June-Aug. 27. VIORNA Reichb. ; Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 268. 1839. Vines or erect perennial herbs, with opposite pinnately compound or simple leaves. Flowers mostly solitary. Sepals 4 or 5, petal-like, valvate in the bud, erect or converging. Petals none. Stamens numerous, parallel with the sepals; anthers narrow, linear. Pistils numerous; styles plumose or silky. Achenes flattish, the long styles persistent. [Name unexplained.] About 20 species, natives of Europe and North America, extending into Mexico. In addi- tion to the following, some 10 species inhabit the southern and western parts of North America. Type species: Clematis Viorna L. (Viorna urnigera Spach.). Called Leather-flower or Clematis. * Climbing vines (no. 2 suberect). Sepals thin, conspicuously dilated. i. V.crispa. Sepals thick, not dilated, their tips recurved. Leaves, or most of them simple, entire or little lobed ; filaments twice as long as the anthers. Leaves, or some of them, pinnate or trifoliolate. Fruiting styles silky, not plumose. Fruiting styles plumose. Leaves strongly reticulated. Leaves not strongly reticulated. Calyx pubescent ; anthers long-tipped. Calyx glabrous ; anthers short-tipped. ** Erect perennial herbs. Leaves simple, entire or rarely lobed. Fruiting styles long, plumose ; eastern species. Flowers yellowish-green ; achenes straight. Flowers purple ; achenes distinctly oblique. Fruiting styles short, silky ; western species. Leaves pinnate, or the lowest entire. 2. V '. Addisonii. 3. V. Pitcheri. 4. V. versicolor. 5. V. Viorna. 6. V. glaucophylla. 7. V. ochrolenca. 8. V. ovata. 9. V. Fremontii. 10. V.Scottii. GENUS 27. CROWFOOT FAMILY. i. Viorna crispa (L.) Small. Marsh Leather-flower. Fig. 1944. Clematis crispa L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Clematis cylindrica Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1160. 1809. Viorna cylindrica Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 269. 1839. Viorna crispa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 437. 1903. A climbing vine. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets mostly trifoliolate, the ultimate divisions entire or occasionally lobed, glabrous and thin; flowers solitary, nodding, bluish-purple, 9"-! 8" long; calyx cylindric below, but the sepals thin and widely spreading above, their margins undulate; filaments hairy; per- sistent styles silky, not plumose. In marshes, Pennsylvania to Missouri, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Blue-jessa- mine. Blue-bell. Curl-flowered clematis. May-June. 2. Viorna Addisonii (Britton) Small. Addison Brown's Leather-flower. Fig- 1945- C, Addisonii Britton, Mem. Torn Club 2 : 28. 1890. Viorna Addisonii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. Ascending or suberect, i-3 l f ng, simple or branched, tufted, glaucous and glabrous. Lower leaves simple, entire or i-4-lobed, obtuse, deep bluish-green above, glaucous beneath, sessile, clasping, 2'-^' long; upper leaves pinnate, or sometimes simple, tendril-bearing; leaflets 2-4, ovate, sessile; flowers solitary, terminal and axil- lary, purplish, nodding; calyx ovoid, 9"-is" long, 5"-7" broad, contracted near the summit; sepals thick, lanceolate, acute, their tips re- curved ; stamens numerous, pubescent above, filaments twice as long as the anthers; achenes flat, nearly orbicular, silky-pubescent; persistent styles i'-ii' long, brownish-plumose throughout. Banks, southwestern Virginia and North Caro- lina ; recorded from Tennessee. May-June. Clematis viornioides Britton is a hybrid between this and V. Viorna. Roanoke, Va. i 3. Viorna Pitched (T. & G.) Britton. Pitcher's Leather-flower. Fig. 1946. Clematis Pitcheri T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 10. 1838. V. Simsii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 438. 1903. Not Clematis Simsii Sweet. A high climbing vine, the branches more or less pubescent. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets entire, lobed or trifoliolate, thick, reticulated, generally mucronate; flowers solitary; calyx campanu- late, less than i' long, purplish, pubescent ; sepals with recurved margined tips ; filaments hairy; persistent styles more or less pubescent, about i' long. Southern Indiana to Missouri, Nebraska and Texas. May-Aug. 124 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 4. Viorna versicolor Small. Pale Leather- flower. Fig. 1947. Clematis versicolor Small; Britton, Man. 421. 1901. Viorna versicolor Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 438. 1903. A branching vine, up to 12 long, glabrous or slightly pubescent below the nodes. Leaves pinnate, slender-petioled ; leaflets firm, apiculate, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, ^'-3' long, conspicuously reticulate, very glaucous beneath; sepals thin, purplish, lanceo- late, about 10" long, glabrous, slightly recurved at the tip, achenes pubescent; persistent styles plumose, white or nearly so. Rocky ledges, Missouri and Arkansas. July. 5. Viorna Viorna (L.) Small, flower. Fig. 1948. Leather- Clematis Viorna L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Viorna Viorna Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. A vine, climbing to the height of 10 or more over bushes in rich soil. Leaves mostly pinnate; leaflets glabrous, entire, lobed or tri- foliolate ; uppermost and lowest leaves often entire; calyx ovoid-campanulate, purple, the sepals remarkably thick ; filaments about as long as the anthers ; persistent styles plumose throughout, i' long or more, brownish. Banks and thickets, southern Pennsylvania to West Virginia, Georgia and Indiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. Viorna flaccida Small, differing by entire, more pubescent leaflets, the calyx lavender with green tips, occurs in Kentucky and Tennessee. Viorna Ridgwayi Standley, of Illinois, has long-tipped leaf-lobes or leaf-segments. 6. Viorna glaucophylla Small. Glaucous Leather-flower. Fig. 1949. Clematis glaucophylla Small, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 337. 1897. Viorna glaucophylla Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. A red-stemmed vine up to 15 long. Leaves either simple and entire or lobed, or trifoliolate, ovate, 4' long or less, acute, acuminate or apiculate at the apex, mostly cordate or subcordate at the base, rather strongly nerved, pale and glaucous beneath when mature ; calyx red-purple, glabrous, glossy, conic-ovoid, about i' long, the sepals thick, lanceo- late, their tips a little spreading; anthers short- tipped, about as long as the filaments ; achenes nearly orbicular; persistent styles plumose. Thickets and river-banks, Kentucky and North Caro- lina to Alabama and northern Florida. May-July. GENUS 27. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 12- 7. Viorna ochroleuca (Ait.) Small. Erect Silky Leather-flower. Fig. 1950. Clematis ochroleuca Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 260. 1789. Clematis sericea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 319. 1803. Viorna ochroleuca Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. An erect silky-hairy plant, i-2 high, somewhat woody at the base. Leaves simple, sessile, ovate, obtuse, glabrous and reticulated above, silky be- neath, entire or occasionally lobed, mucronate ; flower terminal, nodding, 10" long; calyx cylindra- ceous, green ; sepals thick, very silky without, their tips recurved ; head of fruit erect ; achenes scarcely oblique; persistent styles yellowish-brown, plumose throughout, i'-2' long. Staten Island, Pennsylvania, and southward to Georgia. Local. Dwarf clematis. Curly-heads. May- June. 8. Viorna ovata (Pursh) Small. Erect Moun- tain Leather-flower. Fig. 1951. Clematis ovata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814. V. ovata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. Similar to the preceding species, stems stiff, i-2 tall, pubescent when young, becoming nearly gla- brous when old. Leaves ovate, entire, \\'-2 r long, strongly reticulate-veined and nearly glabrous when mature ; flowers solitary at the ends of the stem or branches, purple, nodding, nearly i' long; achenes distinctly oblique ; persistent styles plumose through- out, the plumes white, turning brown, i'-ij' long. Rocky soil, mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to South Carolina. May-June. 9. Viorna Fremontii (S. Wats.) Heller. Fre- mont's Leather-flower. Fig. 1952. Clematis Fremontii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10 : 339 1875. Clematis ochroleuca var. Fremontii J. F. James, Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. 6: 120. 1883. V. Fremontii Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 96. 1910. Stout, erect, 6'-i5' high, the stem villous-pubes- cent/ especially at the nodes, woody at the base, sim- ple or branched. Leaves simple, sessile, coriaceous, conspicuously reticulated, glabrous except on the veins beneath, broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire or sparingly toothed; flowers terminal, nodding; calyx purple, i' long; sepals thick, tomentose on the margins, their tips recurved; head of fruit i' in diameter or more, erect; persistent styles about \' long, silky below, naked above. Prairies and limestone hills, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri. April-May. 126 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 10. Viorna Scottii (Porter) Rydb. Scott's Leather-flower. Fig. 1953. Clematis Scottii Porter, in Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colo. i. 1874. Clematis Douglasii var. Scottii Coulter, Man. Bot. Rocky Mts. 3. 1885. V. Scottii Rydb. Fl. Colo. 141. 1906. Somewhat villous when young, nearly glabrous when old, stems erect, simple, or nearly so, or branched from the base, io'-2 tall. Leaves peti- oled, the upper pinnate or bipinnate, $'-6' long, their segments lanceolate, oblong or ovate, entire or few-toothed, stalked, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 6"-i8" long ; lower leaves sometimes entire, or pinnately cleft, smaller than the upper ; flo\vers solitary, terminal or also axillary, long-peduncled, nodding, nearly l' long, purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate, thick; persistent styles plumose throughout, i' long or more, the plumes brown. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado and Idaho. May-July. 28. ATRAGENE L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Perennial climbing vines, with opposite petioled compound leaves, and large showy pe- duncled flowers, solitary in the axils, or at the ends of the branches. Sepals very large, spreading, petaloid, mostly membranous and prominently veined. Petals small, spatulate. Stamens very numerous, the outer ones usually with broadened filaments. Styles long, per- sistent, plumose. [Ancient Greek name for some vine.] About 5 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, another oc- curs in the Rocky Mountains and one in north- western North America. Type species: Atragene alpina L. i. Atragene americana Sims. Purple Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1954. A. americana Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 887. 1806. Clematis verticillaris DC. Syst. i : 166. 1818. A trailing or partly climbing, somewhat woody, nearly glabrous vine. Leaves trifolio- late ; leaflets thin, ovate, acute, toothed or en- tire, more or less cordate ; petioles and petio- lules slender ; flowers purplish blue, 2 f ~4 broad when expanded; sepah 4, thin and translucent, strongly veined, silky along the margins and the veins ; petals spatulate, 6"-o/' long ; persis- tent styles plumose throughout, about 2' long. Rocky woodlands and thickets, Hudson Bay to Manitoba, Connecticut, Virginia and Minnesota. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Catskills. Mountain- or Whorl-leaved-clematis. May-June. Family 32. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 49. 1838. BARBERRY FAMILY. Shrubs or herbs, with alternate or basal, simple or compound leaves, with or without stipules, and solitary or racemed mostly terminal flowers. Sepals and petals generally imbricated in two to several series. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, hypogynous. Flowers perfect and pistil one in all our species. Anthers extrorse, opening by valves (except in Podophyllum). Style short; ovules 2-00, anatropous. Fruit a berry or capsule. About 10 genera and 130 species, widely distributed in the north temperate zone, the Andes and temperate South America, a few in tropical regions. Shrubs ; fruit baccate. Leaves unifoliolate, on short branches, in the axils of spines. i. Berberis. Leaves pinnate ; no spines. 2. Odostemon. Herbs. Anthers opening by valves. GENUS i. BARBERRY FAMILY. 127 Pericarp early bursting, leaving two large naked stalked seeds, resembling berries. 3. Caulophyllum. Fruit baccate ; stamens 6. 4. Diphylleia. Fruit capsular, half circumscissile. 5. Jeffersonia. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent; fruit baccate; stamens 6-18. 6. Podophyllum. i. BERBERIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 330. 1753. Shrubs with yellow wood, often unifoliolate leaves, those of the primary shoots reduced to spines, and yellow racemose flowers. Sepals 6-9, petaloid, bracted. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 series, each with 2 basal glands. Stamens 6, irritable, closing around the stigma when shocked ; anthers dehiscent by valves opening from the apex. Pistil i ; stigma peltate. Berry i-few-seeded, mostly red. [Said to be from the Arabic name of the fruit.] A genus of about 80 species, natives of North America, Europe, northern Asia and South Amer- ica. Besides the following, another is found in western North America. Type species : Berberis vulgar is L. Twigs ash-colored; racemes many-flowered; petals entire. I. B. vulgaris. Twigs dark brown ; racemes few-flowered ; petals notched. 2. B. canadensis. i. Berberis vulgaris L. European Barberry. Fig. 1955. Berberis vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 330. 1753. A glabrous shrub, 6^8 high, the branches arched and drooping at the ends, the twigs gray. Leaves alternate or fas- cicled, obovate or spatulate, unifoliolate, obtuse, thick, i'-2 r long, bristly serrate, many of those on the young shoots re- duced to 3-pronged spines, the fascicles of the succeeding year appearing in their axils; racemes terminating lateral branches, many-flowered, i'-2' long ($'-4' in fruit) ; flowers yellow, 3"-4" broad with a disa- greeable smell; petals entire; berries ob- long or ellipsoid, scarlet when ripe, acid. In thickets, naturalized from Europe in the Eastern and Middle States, adventive in Canada and the West. Native of Europe and Asia. Consists of numerous races. Pep- peridge-bush. May-June. Jaundice-tree or -berry. Wood-sour. 2. Berberis canadensis Mill. American Barberry. Fig. 1956. B. canadensis Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Berberis vulgaris var. canadensis Ait Hort. Kew. I : 479. 1789. A shrub, i-6 high, with slender, reddish- brown branchlcts. Leaves similar to those of B. vulgaris, but with more divergent and dis- tant teeth, or sometimes nearly entire ; axil- lary spines 3-pronged ; racemes few-flowered ; petals conspicuously notched or emarginate at the apex; flowers about 3" broad, berries scar- let, oval or subglobose. In woods, mountains of yirginia to Georgia along the Alleghanies, and in Missouri. June. Referred by Regel to B. sinensis Desf., as a variety. Readily distinguished from all races of B. vulgaris by its dark-colored twigs. 2. ODOSTEMON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 265. Feb. 1818. [MAHONIA Nutt. Gen. i: 211. 1818.] Shrubs, with pinnate leaves of several or many coriaceous leaflets, and yellow racemose flowers, the branches not spiny, but the leaflets often with bristle-tipped teeth. Sepals mostly 6. Petals and stamens of the same number as the sepals. Filaments often dilated; anthers dehiscent by valves. Berries mostly blue or white. [Greek, swollen stamen.] About 20 species, natives of North America and Asia. Type species : Berberis Aquifolium Pursh. 128 BERBERIDACEAE. VOL II. i. Odostemon Aquifolium. (Pursh) Rydb. Trailing Mahonia. Fig. 1957. Berberis Aquifolium Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 219. 1814. Berberis repens Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1176. 1828. Mahonia repens Don, Card. Diet, i: 118. 1831. Odostemon Aquifolium Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 141. 1906. A low trailing glabrous shrub. Leaves petioled, pinnate; leaflets 3-7, ovate, oval, or nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute at the apex, oblique and obtuse, truncate or slightly cor- date at the base, sessile, thick, persistent, finely reticulated, dentate with spine-bearing teeth, i '-2' long; racemes several, erect, dense, terminal, many-flowered ; flowers yel- low, 3"-4" broad, short-pedicelled ; bracts ovate, persistent; berry globose, blue or pur- ple, about 3" in diameter. Western Nebraska and throughout the Rocky Mountain region, extending to Arizona and Brit- ish Columbia. Holly-leaf barberry. Grape-root. Rocky mountain or Oregon grape. April-May. 3. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 205. 1803. An erect perennial herb, with thickened rootstocks, and ternately compound leaves. 3epals 6, oblong, the calyx 3~4-bracted. Petals 6, smaller, cucullate, opposite the sepals. Stamens 6; anthers oblong, dehiscent by valves. Pistil i; style short; stigma lateral; ovules 2, ripening into large globose stipitate blue seeds, resembling berries, which in growth soon rupture the membranous caducous pericarp. [Greek, stem-leaf.] Two known species ; the following typical one of eastern and central North America, the other of eastern Asia. i. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. Fig. 1958. Leontice thalictroides L. Sp. PI. 312. 1753. C. thalictroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 205. 1803. Glabrous, glaucous when young, i-3 high, with 2 or 3 large sheathing bracts at the base, a large tritcrnate nearly sessile leaf near the summit, and generally a smaller similar one near the base of the inflorescence. Divisions of the leaves long-petipled, ternately or pinnately com- pound, the ultimate segments thin, i'-3" long, oval, oblong or obovate, 3-5-lobed near the apex; panicle terminal, 2'-3' long; flowers greenish pur- ple, 4"-6" broad ; seeds globular, 4" in diameter, glaucous, borne on stout stalks about 3" long. In woods, New Brunswick to South Carolina, west to Manitoba, Tennessee, Nebraska and Missouri. -Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. April-May. Blueberry. Blue-ginsing. Blueberry-, squaw- or papoose-root. 4. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 203. 1803. Perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks, large peltate leaves, and cymose white flow- ers. Sepals 6, petaloid, falling away early. Petals 6, flat. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pistil I ; ovules few, arranged in 2 rows on one side of the ovary. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, curved. [Greek, double-leaf.] A genus of 2 species, the typical one native of eastern North America, the other of Japan. GENUS 4. BARBERRY FAMILY. i. Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Umbreila- leaf. Fig. 1959. D. cymosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 203. 1803. Erect, stout, i-2 high, glabrous or nearly so Basal leaves solitary, long-petioled, i-2 in diameter, peltate near the center, deeply 2-cleft, many-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, sharply dentate; cauline leaves 2, similar, smaller, peti- oled, constricted in the middle and generally pel- tate near the margin ; cyme many-flowered, 2'-$' broad ; flowers white ; petals flat, oblong, obtuse ; fruiting pedicels slender, i' long or more; berries blue, globose to oblong, 6" long. In woods, Virginia to' Georgia and Tennessee, along the mountains, mainly at higher altitudes. May-June. 5. JEFFERSONIA B. S. Barton, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3 : 342. 1793. Glabrous perennial herbs, with basal palmately-veined or palmately-lobed leaves, and solitary white flowers borne on slender scapes. Sepals 4, occasionally 3 or 5, petaloid, caducous. Petals 8, flat, longer than the sepals. Stamens 8; filaments slender; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pistil i; ovary ovoid, many-ovuled; stigmas 2-lobed. Capsule leathery, pyriform, half-circumscissile near the summit. Seeds oblong, arillate. [In honor of Thomas Jefferson.' A genus of 2 species, the typical one native of eastern North America, the other of Manchuria. Twin-leaf. Fig. r. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. 1960. Podophyllum diphyllum L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Jeffersonia binata B. S. Barton, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3 : 342. 1793. Jeffersonia Bartonis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 237. 1803. Jeffersonia diphylla Pers. Syn. I : 418. 1805. Erect, 6'-8' high when in flower, attaining i6'-i8' in fruit. Leaves glaucous beneath, long-petioled, cordate or reniform, 3'-6' long, 2'~4' wide, parted longitudinally into 2 obliquely ovate obtuse lobed or entire divisions; lobes rounded, the sinuses sometimes 9" deep; scape naked, i-flowered; flowers white, about i' broad; petals oblong, stigma peltate; capsule about i' long, short-stipitate. In woods, eastern Pennsylvania, New York and Ontario to Wis- consin, Iowa, Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir- ginia. May. Ground-squirrel pea. Helmet-pod. Rheumatism- root. 6. PODOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with horizontal poisonous rootstocks, large peltate palmately lobed leaves, and solitary white flowers. Sepals 6, petaloid, fugacious, the bud with 3 fugacious bractlets. Petals 6-9, flat, obovate, longer than the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; anthers linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil I (rarely sev- eral) ; ovary ovoid, many-ovuled, forming a large fleshy berry in fruit. Seeds numerous, obovate, enclosed in fleshy arils. [Greek, Anapodophyllum, duck-foot-leaf.] A genus of about 4 species, the following typical one native of eastern North America and Japan, the others Asiatic. 130 BERBERIDACEAE. VOL. II. i. Podophyllum peltatum L. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. Fig. 1961. Podophyllum peltatum L. Sp. PL 505. 1753. Erect, i-ii high. Basal leaves centrally pel- tate, nearly i in diameter, long-petioled, deeply 5~9-lobed, glabrous, or pubescent and light green on the lower surface, darker above; lobes 2-cleft and dentate at the apex ; flowering stems appear- ing from different rootstocks, bearing 1-3 similar leaves, or occasionally leafless; flower white, stout-peduncled, nodding, 2' broad, appearing from the base of the upper leaf and generally from immediately between the two leaves ; sta- mens twice as many as the petals; fruit ovoid, yellowish, 2' long, edible. In low woods, western Quebec and throughout southern Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir- ginia. Indian- or hog-apple. Devil's-apples. Wild- or ground-lemon. Puck's-f oot. Raccoon-berry. May. Family 33. MENISPERMACEAE DC. Prodr. i : 95. 1824. MOOXSEED FAMILY. Climbing or twining woody or herbaceous vines, with alternate entire or lobed leaves, no stipules, and small dioecious panicled racemose or cymose flowers. Sepals 4-12. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 rows, sometimes fewer, or none. Stamens about the same number as the petals. Carpels 3-00 (generally 6), i-ovuled, sepa- rate ; styles commonly incurved. Fruit drupaceous, often oblique. Endosperm little. Embryo long, curved. About 55 genera and 150 species, mainly of tropical distribution, a few extending into the tem- perate zones. Petals none ; anthers 2-celled. i. Calycocarpum. Petals present ; anthers 4-celled or 4-lobed. Stamens 6 ; drupe red. 2. Epibaterium. Stamens i2-many; drupe black. 3. Menispermum. i. CALYCOCARPUM Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 48. 1838. A high climbing vine, with large petioled palmately lobed leaves,' and greenish flowers in long narrow drooping panicles. Sepals 6, oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens about 12, nearly equalling the sepals; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, narrow; stigma laciniate. Drupe oval or globose, the stone flattened and hollowed out on one side, the embryo cordate. [Greek, cup- fruit, in allusion to the cup-like stone.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Calycocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt Cup-seed. Fig. 1962. Menispermum Lyoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 371. 1814. C. Lyoni Nutt.; A. Gray, Gen. 111. i: 76. 1848. Climbing to the tops of trees, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves long-petioled, thin, very broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in out- line, 5'-8' long, cordate with a broad round sinus, palmately 3-7-lobed, glabrous above, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath ; lobes ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, repand, dentate or entire ; panicles axillary, 5'-io' long, loose ; flowers 2" broad ; drupe nearly i' long, black, the stone toothed or erose along the margin of its lateral cavity; pistillate flowers sometimes containing abor- tive stamens. In rich woods, Illinois to Missouri and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. May-June, the fruit ripe in August. GENUS 2. MOONSEED FAMILY. 2. EPIBATERIUM Forst. Char. Gen. 107. 1776. [CEBATHA Forsk. Fl. AEgypt. 171 Hyponym. 1775.] [CoccuLus DC. Syst. Veg. i: 515. 1818.] Climbing vines with small dioecious panicled flowers. Sepals 6, arranged in 2 series. Petals 6, shorter than the sepals, concave. Stamens 6; anthers 4-celled or 4-lobed. Pistils 3-6, sometimes accompanied by sterile filaments ; styles erect ; stigma entire. Drupe globose or ovoid, the stone flattened, curved. [Greek, referring to the climbing habit.] A genus of about 1 1 species, mainly of tropical regions, two or three in the temperate zones. Type soecies : Epibatcrium pendulum Forst. i. Epibaterium carolinum (L.) Britton. Carolina Moonseed. Fig. 1963. Menispermum carolinum L. Sp. PL 340. 1753. Cocculus carolinus DC. Syst. Veg. i : 524. 1818. Cebatha Carolina Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 162. 1894. A slender vine, trailing, or climbing to the height of several feet, the stem glabrous or pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, 2'-4' long, cordate or rounded at the base, entire or lobed, acute or obtuse, some- times densely pubescent beneath, mainly glabrous above; petioles slender, i'-4' long; panicles axillary and terminal, loose, i'-s' long; flowers about i" broad ; drupe red, laterally flattened, 2"-3" in diam- eter, the stone curved into a closed spiral, crested on the sides and back. Along streams, Virginia to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Red-berry moonseed. June-Aug. 3. MENISPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753. High climbing vines, with small whitish panicled flowers. Sepals 4-8, arranged in 2 series, longer than the 6-8 petals. Stamens 12-24. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4, inserted on a slightly elevated receptacle and generally accompanied by 6 sterile filaments. Drupe nearly globular, or ovoid, laterally flattened, the stone curved into a spiral and crested on the sides and back. [Greek, moonseed.] A genus of 2 species, the typical one native of eastern North America, the other of eastern Asia. i. Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed. Fig. 1964. Menispermum canadense L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753. Stem climbing over bushes or walls, 6-i2 in length, slender, slightly pubescent, or gla- brous. Leaves slender-petioled, very broadly ovate, 4'-8' wide, cordate or sometimes nearly truncate at base, acuminate, acute or obtuse, entire or with 3-7 lobes, pale beneath, peltate near the base, although the petiole is sometimes inserted so near the margin that this char- acter is not apparent; flowers white, 2" wide; panicles loose, bracteolate; drupe globose- oblong, 3"-4" in diameter, the stone spirally curved. In woods along streams, western Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Nebraska and Arkan- sas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Bunches of fruit bluish black, with the aspect of small grapes. Texas or yellow sarsaparilla. Yellow parilla. June-July. CALYCANTHACEAE. VOL. II. Family 34. CALYCANTHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 159. 1836. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY. Shrubs, with aromatic bark, opposite entire short-petioled leaves, no stipules, and solitary large Mowers on lateral leafy branches. Sepals and petals similar, imbricated in many series. Stamens co, inserted on the receptacle, the inner sterile, short; anthers extrorse innate. Pistils oo, nearly enclosed in the hollow receptacle; ovary i-celled; ovules I or 2, anatropous, style filiform. Fruit acces- sory, consisting of the enlarged ovoid oblong or pyriform receptacle, to which the bases of petals, sepals and bracts are adnate, enclosing few to many smooth shining achenes. Seed erect ; endosperm none ; cotyledons foliaceous, convolute. A family of 2 genera and about 6 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia, perhaps of closer affinity with the Rosaceae than where here inserted. i. CALYCANTHUS L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1066. 1759. [BUTNERIA Duham. Trait. Arb. i: 113. pi. 45. Hyponym. 1/55.] Stamens inserted in several rows. Flowers purple or red. Otherwise as in the family. [Greek, cup-flower.] The genus comprises 4 species, one additional to those here described occurring on the Pacific Coast, and one in Alabama. Chimonanthus Lindl. of Japan and China comprises 2 species with yellow flowers smaller than those of Calycanthus. The species are called sweet-scented shrub and Carolina allspice. Type species: Calycanthus floridus L. Leaves pubescent beneath; flowers fragrant. i. C. floridus. Leaves green, often glaucous beneath, smooth or rough above; flowers not fragrant. 2. C. fertilis. i. Calycanthus floridus L. Hairy Strawberry- shrub. Fig. 1965. Calycanthus floridus L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1066. 1759. Buettneria florida Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 175. 1894. A branching shrub, 2-9 high, the branchlets and petioles pubescent. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, narrowed at the base, soft-downy or pubes- cent beneath, rough above ; flowers dark purple, about i' broad, with a strong odor of strawberries when crushed; sepals and petals linear or oblong, pubescent, acutish or blunt, 6"-io" long; fruit obo- void or oblong; seeds about 5" long. In rich soil, Virginia and North Carolina to Florida, Alabama and Mississippi. Freely planted for ornament. Spice-bush. Sweet shrub. Sweet bubby or betties. Strawberry-bush. April-Aug. 2. Calycanthus fertilis Walt. Smooth Strawberry-shrub. Fig. 1966. Calycanthus fertilis Walt. Fl. Car. 151. 1788. Calycanthus laevigatus Willd. Enum. 559. 1809. Calycanthus glaucus Willd. Enum. 559. 1809. Buettneria fertilis Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 175. 1894. A branching shrub, 4-g high, the branchlets and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rough and dark green above, glau- cous and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath or bright green and smooth on both sides ; sepals and petals linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, 15" . long or less ; flowers greenish-purple, inodorous or nearly so. In rich woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, east Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, along the mountains. M'arch-Aug. Occasional in cultivation. Fruit reputed to be poisonous to sheep. Bubby-bush. Sweet shrub. GENUS i. LAUREL FAMILY. 133 Family 35. LAURACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 200. 1836. LAUREL FAMILY. Aromatic trees and shrubs, with simple, alternate (very rarely opposite) mostly thick evergreen or deciduous, punctate exstipulate leaves. Flowers small, perfect, polygamous, dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or greenish in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4-6-parted, the seg- ments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens inserted in 3 or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them commonly imperfect or reduced to staminodia ; anthers 2-celled or 4-celled, opening by valves. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, i -celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous; style filiform or short, rarely almost wanting; stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit a i-seeded drupe or berry. Endosperm of the seed none. Cotyledons plano-convex, accumbent. About 40 genera and probably 1000 species, widely distributed in tropical regions; a few in the temperate zones. Flowers perfect, panicled ; leaves evergreen. i. Persea. Flowers mostly dioecious, racemose or umbellate ; leaves deciduous. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Flowers in umbelled racemes ; leaves, or some of them, lobed- 2. Sassafras. Flowers in capitate umbels ; leaves all entire. 3. Glabraria. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved ; leaves entire. 4. Benzoin. i. PERSEA [Plum.] Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 222. 1805. Trees or shrubs, with alternate coriaceous persistent entire leaves, and perfect panicled flowers. Calyx 6-parted, persistent, its segments equal or unequal. Stamens 12, in 4 series of 3, the inner series reduced to gland-like staminodia, the 3 other series anther-bearing, their anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, those of the third series extrorse and the others introrse in our species. Staminodia large, cordate, stalked. Fruit a globose or oblong berry. [Ancient name of some oriental tree.] About 50 species, natives of America. Besides the following another occurs in Florida. Type species : Persea gratissima Gaertn. f. (Persea Persea (L.) Cockerell, the alligator-pear.) Twigs and petioles puberulent or nearly glabrous. Twigs and petioles densely tomentose. 1. P. Borbonia. 2. P. pubescens. i. Persea Borbonia (L.) Spreng. Red or Sweet Bay. Isabella-wood. Fig. 1967. Laurus Borbonia L. Sp. PI. 370. 1753. Persea Borbonia Spreng. Syst. 2: 268. 1825. Persea carolinensis Nees, Syst. 150. 1836. Notaphoebe Borbonia Pax in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflf. 3: Abt. 2, 1 1 6. 1889. A tree, with dark red bark, reaching a maximum height of about 65 and a trunk diameter of 3. Twigs puberulent or nearly glabrous. Leaves lan- ceolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, bright green above, paler beneath, glabrous when mature, 2'-7' long, i '-2' wide, obscurely pinnately veined, acute, acuminate or some of them obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base; petioles \'-\' long; peduncles short, axillary, often little longer than the petioles, bearing few-flowered panicles ; calyx puberulent, spreading in fruit, its inner segments longer than the outer; berries dark blue, V in diameter or more, their pedicels thick, red. Along streams and borders of swamps, Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the coast, north to Arkansas. ^, Wood hard, strong ; color bright red ; weight per cubic foot, 40 Ibs. April-June. Fruit ripe Aug.- Sept. False mahogany. Bay-galls. White bay. Tisswood. LAURACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Swamp Bay. Fig. 1968. Laurus carolinensis var. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1814. Persea carolinensis var. palustris Chapm. Fl. S. States, 393. 1860. Persea pubescens Sarg. Silva 7: 7 pi. 302. 1895. A tree, seldom over 35 high, the trunk some- times 15' in diameter. Bark brown; twigs densely brown-tomentose ; leaves oval, oblong or lanceo- late, glabrous and shining above when mature, pubescent beneath or also tomentose on the veins, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, strongly pinnately veined, 3' -7' long, i'-ij' wide; petioles 4"-8" long; peduncles tomentose, mostly longer than the peti- oles, sometimes 2'-$' long; calyx tomentose, its inner segments longer than the outer; berry dark blue, 6"-9" in diameter. In swamps and along streams, southern Virginia to Florida and Mississippi, near the coast. Great Bahama Island. Wood hard, orange-brown ; weight per cubic foot, 40 Ibs. May-July. Fruit ripe Sept. 2. SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm. Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. 2: 418. 1831. A rough-barked tree, with broad entire or i-j-lobed deciduous leaves, and yellow dioe- cious flowers in involucrate umbelled racemes at the ends of twigs of the preceding season, unfolding with or before the leaves, the involucre composed of the persistent bud-scales. Calyx 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent, its segments equal. Staminate flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the 2 outer series with glandless filaments, those of the inner series with a pair of stalked glands at the base. Anthers all 4-celled and introrse, 4-valved. Pistillate flowers with about 6 staminodia and an ovoid ovary. Fruit an oblong- globose blue drupe. [The popular Spanish name.] Two species, the following typical one of eastern North America, the other Asiatic. i. Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras or Ague Tree. Fig. 1969. Laurus Sassafras L. Sp. PI. 371. 1753. Sassafras officinal* Nees & Eberm. Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. 2: 418. 1831. Sassafras Sassafras Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 505. 1880-83. S. variifolium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 574. 1891. A tree sometimes 125 high, the trunk 7 in maximum diameter; the bark rough in irregular ridges, aromatic, the young shoots yellowish- green, the twigs and leaves mucilaginous, pubes- cent when young but becoming glabrous. Leaves oval and entire or mitten-shaped, or 3-lobed to about the middle and often as wide as long, pin- nately veined, petioled ; petioles i' long or less ; racemes several or numerous in the umbels, pe- duncled ; flowers about 3" broad ; stamens about equalling the calyx-segments ; fruiting pedicels red, much thickened below the calyx ; drupe nearly i' high. In dry or sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Iowa, Florida and Texas. Root largely used for the aromatic oil. Wood soft, weak, durable, brittle ; color dull orange; weight 31 Ibs. per cubic foot. April- May. Fruit ripe July-Aug. Cinnamon-wood. Smelling-stick. Saloop. 3. GLABRARIA L. Mant. 2: 156, 276. 1771. [MALAPOENNA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 447. Hyponym. 1/63.] [TETRANTHERA Jacq. Hort. Schoen. i : 59. pi. 113. 1797.] Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, deciduous in our species, and small greenish or yel- low dioecious flowers in small umbels or almost capitate, involucrate by the bud-scales, axillary, or in the following species unfolding before the leaves at the nodes of twigs of the previous season. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Staminate flowers much as in Sassafras, bearing 3 series of 3 stamens, their anthers all 4-celled, 4-valved and introrse. Pistillate GENUS 3. LAUREL FAMILY. 135 flowers with 9 or 12 staminodia and a globose or oval ovary. Fruit a small globose or oblong drupe. [Latin, smooth.] About ioo species, natives of tropical and warm regions of both the Old World and the New, only the following known in North America. Type species : Glabraria tcrsa L. i. Glabraria geniculata (Walt.) Britton. Pond Spice. Fig. 1970. Laurus geniculata Walt. Fl. Car. 133. 1788. Tetranthera geniculata Nees, Syst. 567. 1836. Litsea geniculata Nicholson, Diet. Card. 2: 287. 1885. Malapoenna geniculata Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 164. 1894. A much-branched shrub, with terete smoth zigzag spreading twigs. Leaves oblong, firm, \'-2 r long, \'-\' wide, acute or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous and rather dark green above, paler and puberulent, at least on the veins, beneath, or quite glabrous when mature ; umbels 2-4-flowered, sessile; involucres of 2-4 scales; flowers yellow, less than 2" broad ; drupe globose, red, about 3" in diameter. In swamps and wet soil, southern Virginia to Florida. Pond-bush. March-April. 4. BENZOIN Fabric. Enum. PI. Hort. Helmst. 1763. Shrubs (some Asiatic species trees), with alternate entire pinnately veined and in our species deciduous leaves, and dioecious or polygamous yellow flowers, in lateral sessile invo- lucrate clusters unfolding before the leaves, the involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Calyx- segments 6, equal, deciduous. Staminate flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the filaments of the inner series lobed and gland-bearing at the base, those of the 2 outer series glandless ; anthers all introrse, 2-celled, 2-valved. Pistillate flowers with 12-18 staminodia and a glo- bose ovary. Fruit an obovoid or oblong red drupe. [Named from the Benzoin gum, from its similar fragrance.] About 7 species, of eastern North America and Asia. Only the following are North American. Type species : Laurus Benzoin L. Shrub glabrous or nearly so throughout; leaves narrowed at the base. i. B. aestivale. Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent ; leaves rounded or subcordate at the base. 2. B. melissaefoliitm. i. Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Spice-bush or -wood. Benjamin-bush. Fig. 1971 Laurus aestivalis L. Sp. PI. 370. 1753. Laurus Benzoin L. Sp. PI. 370. 1753. Benzoin aestivale Nees, Syst. Laur. 495. 1836. Lindera Benzoin Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. i : 324. B. Benzoin Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 164. 1894. A glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub, 4-2O high, with smooth bark and slender twigs. Leaves obovate oval or elliptic, 2'-$' long, i'-2j' wide, acute, short-acuminate or some of them rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, pale beneath; petioles 3" -6" long; flowers about \\" broad, bright yellow, fragrant ; pedicels about equalling the calyx-segments ; anthers oval, mi- nutely emarginate at the summit ; ovary about as long as the style; drupe 4"-5" long, about 3" in diameter. In moist woods, thickets and along streams, Maine and New Hampshire to Ontario, Michigan, North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. March-May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Snap-wood or -weed. Feverbush. Wild allspice. Leaves of young shoots much larger. 136 LAURACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. Hairy Spice-bush. Fig. 1972. Laurus melissaefolia Walt. Fl. Car. 134. 1788. Lindera melissaefolia Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. i : 324. 1857. Benzoin melissaefolium Nees, Syst. 494. 1836. A shrub similar to the preceding species but the young twigs, buds and lower surfaces of the leaves densely pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2'-^.' long, 9"-i8" wide; petioles i"-3" long; pedicels equal- ling or slightly longer than the calyx-segments ; anthers truncate at the summit; drupe 3"~5" high. In swamps and wet soil, Illinois and Missouri to North Carolina, south to Alabama and Florida. Jove's-fruit. Feb.-March. Family 36. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. POPPY FAMILY. Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper rarely opposite. Stipules none. Flowers solitary or in clusters, perfect, regular. Sepals 2 (rarely 3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated, often wrinkled, deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, hypogynous, distinct; filaments filiform; anthers innate, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i, many-ovuled, mainly i-celled, with parietal placentae; style short; stigma simple or divided; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by a pore, or by valves. Seeds mostly numerous ; embryo small at the base of fleshy or oily endosperm. About 23 genera and 115 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Pod dehiscent at the top, or only to the middle. Leaves not spiny-toothed. i. Papaver. Leaves spiny-toothed. 2. Argemone. Pod dehiscent to the base. Flowers white; petals 8-16 ; juice red. 3. Sanguinaria. Flowers and juice yellow ; petals 4. Capsule oblong or short-linear, bristly. 4. Stylophorum. Capsule long-linear, rough, tipped with a dilated stigma. 5. Glaucium. Capsule linear, smooth, tipped with a short subulate style and minute stigma. 6. Chelidonium. i. PAPAVER [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 506. 1753. Hispid or glaucous herbs, with white milky sap, lobed or dissected alternate leaves, nodding flower-buds and showy regular flowers. Sepals 2 or occasionally 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens o. Anthers extrorse. Ovules oo, borne on numerous internally-projecting pla- centae. Stigmas united into a radiate persistent disc. Capsule globose, obovoid, or oblong, dehiscent near the summit by slits or pores. Seeds marked with minute depressions. [Classic Latin name of the poppy.] About 45 species, mostly natives of the Old World, but 4 or 5 indigenous in western America. Type species : Papaver somniferum L. Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. i. P. somniferum. Green, hirsute ; leaves pinnately divided. Stems branching, leafy ; weeds of waste or cultivated ground. Capsule glabrous. Capsule subglobose or top-shaped. 2 . P. Rhoeas. Capsule oblong-clavate, narrowed below. 3. P.dubimn. Capsule oblong, hispid with a few erect hairs. 4. P. Argemone. Leaves all basal ; capsule obovoid, densely hispid with erect hairs ; arctic. 5. P. nudicaule. GENUS i. POPPY FAMILY. 137 i. Papaver somniferum L. Opium or Garden Poppy. Marble-flower. Fig. 1973. Papaver somniferum L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753. Erect, sparingly branched, glaucous, i-3 high. Leaves clasping by a cordate base, 4'-8" long, 2'-$' wide, oblong, wavy, lobed or toothed; flowers 3' -4' broad, bluish-white with a purple center; filaments somewhat dilated upward ; capsule globose, glabrous. Occasional in waste grounds and on ballast. Also in Ber- muda. Fugitive from Europe. Often cultivated for orna- ment. Widely cultivated in Europe and Asia for its cap- sules, from which the drug opium, and poppy-oil are derived. Native of the Mediterranean region. Summer. Mawseed. Joan silver-pin. Cheesebowl. Balewort. i 2. Papaver Rhoeas L. Field, Red or Corn Poppy. African Rose. Fig. 1974. Papaver Rhoeas L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753. Erect, branching, i-3 high, hispid with spreading bristly hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 4'-6' long, the upper smaller, sessile, all pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, acute, serrate; flowers 2'-^ broad, scarlet with a darker center; filaments not dilated ; capsule subglobose or top-shaped, glabrous, the disk with 10 or more stigmatic rays. In waste places and on ballast, Maine to Connecticut and Virginia. Vancouver Island. Bermuda. Occasionally culti- vated. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Old English names. Corn-rose, Red-weed, Headache, Canker-rose and Cheesebowl. Thunder-flower. Blue-eyes. 3. Papaver dubium L. Long Smooth-fruited Poppy. Fig. 1975. Papaver dubium L. Sp. PI. 1196. 1753. Slender, branching, i-2 high, hirsute with spreading hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 4'-6' long, the upper smaller, nearly sessile, all deeply pinnately divided; lobes oblong, pinnatifid, cleft or sometimes entire; flowers 2' broad, scarlet, sometimes darker in the center; filaments not di- lated; capsule oblong-clavate, glabrous, 8"-io" long, nar- rowed below ; stigmatic rays 6-10. In waste and cultivated grounds, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and southward. Also in ballast about the seaports and in Bermuda. Adventive from Europe. . Summer. Blind-eyes. Headache. Blaver. '38 PAPAVERACEAE. VOL. II 4. Papaver Argemone L. Pale or Long Rough-fruited Poppy. Fig. 1976. Papaver Argemone L. Sp. PI. 506. 1753. Slender, hirsute, or nearly glabrous, i-2 high, branching. Leaves all but the upper petioled, lanceo- late in outline, pinnately divided, the drvisions pin- natifid and toothed ; flowers i'-2 f broad, pale red, often with a darker center; filaments not dilated; capsule oblong, 8"-io" long, narrowed at the base, bristly-hairy. Waste grounds, Philadelphia, and in ballast about the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Old name, wind-rose. Headache. 5. Papaver nudicaule L. Arctic or Iceland Poppy. Fig. 1977. Papaver nudicaule L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753. Papaver radicatum Rottb. ; DC. Prodr. i: 118. 1824. Perennial, more or less hirsute. Leaves all basal, pinnately lobed or cleft, the lobes linear- oblong, acute or obtuse ; scape erect, slender, 2'-i2' tall, much exceeding the leaves ; flower solitary, i'~3' broad, yellow or red; filaments filiform; capsule narrowly obovoid, 5"-8" high, about 4" in greatest diameter, densely beset with erect bristly hairs. Greenland and Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. In- cluded in our first edition, in P. alpinum L. Summer. 2. ARGEMONE L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753. Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny-toothed leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens oo. Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style very short or none. Stigma dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent at the apex by valves. Seeds numerous, cancellate. [Greek, ^an eye disease, supposed to be relieved by the plant so called.] A genus of about 10 species, natives of America. Type species : Argemone mexicana L. i. A. mexicana. Petals yellow, or rarely cream-colored ; flowers nearly or quite sessile. Petals white, or pinkish. Flowers distinctly peduncled ; spines of the sepal-tips nearly erect. Flowers sessile or nearly so ; spines of the sepal-tips spreading. 2. A. alba. 3. A. intermedia. GENUS 2. POPPY FAMILY. i. Argemone mexicana L. Mexican Prickly or Thorn Poppy. Fig. 1978. Argemone mexicana L. Sp. PL 508. 1753. Stem stout, i-2 high, simple or spar- ingly branched, spiny or sometimes nearly unarmed. Leaves sessile, clasping by a narrowed base, 4'-io' long, 2'-4' wide, glau- cous, white-spotted, runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed and more or less spiny on the veins ; flowers yellow or cream-colored, ses- sile or subsessile, i'-2' broad ; sepals acumi- nate, bristly -pointed ; stamens 4"-5" long; filaments slender, much longer than their anthers ; stigma sessile or nearly so ; cap- sule i' long or more. In waste places, Massachusetts to New Jer- sey, Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Adventive from tropical America. A common weed in the American tropics, and introduced into the Old World. The seed yields a valuable painter's oil. June-Sept. Bird-in-the-bush. Devil's-fig. Yellow, Flowering or Jamaica thistle. 2. Argemone alba Lestib. White Prickly Poppy. Fig. 1979. Argemone alba Lestib. Bot. Belg. Ed. 2:3: Part 2, 132. 1799. A. albi flora Hornem. Hort. Havn. 469. 1815. Commonly stouter and taller than the pre- ceding species. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, glaucous or green, not blotched, but sometimes whitish along the veins; flowers white, usually much larger, $'-4' broad, dis- tinctly peduncled ; petals rounded ; spines of the sepal-tips stouter; capsules i'-ii' long. Georgia and Florida to Missouri and Texas. Spontaneous after cultivation in northern gardens. May-Aug. 3. Argemone intermedia Sweet. Leafy White Prickly Poppy. Fig. 1980. Argemone intermedia Sweet, Hort. Brit. Ed. 2, 585. 1830. Stem stout, prickly, glabrous and glaucous, often 2 high or more. Leaves lobed or pinnatifid, very prickly, usually whitish-blotched ; flowers large, white, sessile or nearly so, 3'-4' wide ; petals rounded ; spines of the sepal-tips spreading; capsule oblong, prickly, about i' long. Prairies and plains. Illinois to South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Texas and Mexico. Has been confused with the preceding species, and with A. platyceras Link & Otto. May-Aug. Argemone hispida A. Gray, ranging from Wyoming to Utah and New Mexico, differs in the stem and branches being hispid-pubescent. It has been recorded from Kansas, perhaps erroneously. 140 PAPAVERACEAE. 3. SANGUINARIA [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. VOL. II. Rootstock horizontal, thick; juice red. Leaves basal, palmately veined and lobed, cor- date or reniform. Scape i-flowered (rarely 2). Flower white. Sepals 2, fugacious. Petals 8-16, oblong-spatulate, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Stamens o. Stigma grooved. Placentae 2. Capsule oblong or fusiform, dehiscent to the base, the valves persistent. Seeds smooth, crested. [Name from the red color of the juice.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. Puc- coon-root. Tetterwort. Fig. 1981. Sanguinaria canadensis L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Glabrous, glaucous, especially when young. Root- stock i'-i' thick, several inches long, densely clothed with thick fibrous roots ; petioles 6'-i4' long ; leaves 6'-i2' broad, 4'-7' long, palmately 5-p-lobed, the lobes repand, or cleft at the apex; flowering scape at length overtopped by the leaves; flower i'-ij' broad; petals early deciduous; capsule narrow, i-celled, 2-valved, i' long. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Nebraska, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Also called red puccoon and red Indian- paint. Turmeric. Redroot. Corn-root. Pauson. Sweet- slumber. White puccoon. Snake-bite. Flower sometimes pinkish. The scape rarely bears 2 or 3 flowers and bracts. April-May. The species consists of several races, differing in the leaf-lobing and in size and form of the capsule. 4. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. Gen. 2 : 7. 1818. Herbs, with stout rootstocks, yellow sap, pinnatifid leaves and clustered or solitary flow- ers, the buds nodding. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens o. Placentae 2-4; style distinct; stigma 2-4-lobed, radiate. Capsule linear or ovoid, bristly, dehiscent to the base by 2-4 valves. Seeds cancellate, crested. [Name Greek, style-bearing.] A genus of about 4 species, natives of eastern North America, the Himalayas, Japan and Manchuria, the fol- lowing typical. i. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Yellow or Celandine Poppy. Fig. 1982. Chclldoniurn diphyllum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 309. 1803. Stylophorium diphyllum Nutt. Gen. 2: 7. 1818. Meconopsis diphylla DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 88. 1821. Glaucous, especially the lower surfaces of the leaves, sparingly pubescent, i2'-i8' high. Leaves basal and canline, 4'-io' long, slender-petioled, i-2-pinnatifid, the divisions obovate, obtuse, lobed or irregularly crenate, those of the stem 2-4, the upper opposite ; flowers 2-4, terminal, about i' broad, deep yellow; sepals hirsute, caducous; petals obovate, rounded; capsule i' long, ovoid, acute at each end, tipped with the persistent style. In low woods, western Pennsylvania and Ohio to Ten- nessee, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. March-May. Macleya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. (Bocconia cordata Willd.), the Plume-poppy, a tall glaucous perennial, with palmately lobed leaves and large panicles of small greenish- white apetalous flowers, native of eastern Asia, is much planted for ornament, and is spontaneous after cultivation in Pennsylvania and Ohio. GENUS 5. POPPY FAMILY. 141 5. GLAUCIUM Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Glaucous annual or biennial herbs, with alternate lobed or dissected leaves, large yellow flowers, and saffron-colored sap. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens o. Placentae 2, rarely 3; stigma sessile, dilated, 2-lobed, the lobes convex. Capsule long-linear, 2-celled, dehiscent to the base. Seeds cancellate, crestless. [Name Greek, from the glaucous foliage.] About 6 species, of the Old World, mainly of the Mediterranean region, the following typical. i. Glaucium Glaucium (L.) Karst. Yellow Horned or Sea Poppy. Fig. 1983. Chelidonium Glaucium L. Sp. PL 506. 1753. Glaucium flavum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 2: 131. 1763. Glaucium lutcurn Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 369. 1772. Glaucium Glaucium Karst. Deutsch. F1..649. 1880-83. Stout, 2-3 high, rigid, branching. Leaves thick, ovate or oblong, 3'-8' long, i'-2' wide, scurfy, the basal and low- est cauline petiolcd, the upper sessile, clasping, pinnatifid, the divisions toothed, or the upper merely lobed; flowers axillary and terminal, i'-2 f broad; sepals scurfy; capsule narrowly-linear, 6'--i2' long, tipped with the persistent stigma In waste places, Rhode Island, southward near the coast to Virginia, and in central New York. Widely diffused as a weed in maritime regions of the Old World. Adventive from Europe. Summer. Bruisewort. Squatmore. I 6. CHELIDONIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. An erect biennial, brittle, branching herb, with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, yellow sap and yellow flowers in umbels. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens o. Placentae 2. Style short, distinct ; stigma not dilated, 2-lobed. Capsule linear, upwardly dehiscent from the base. Seeds smooth, shining, crested. [Name Greek for the swal- low, which appears at about its flowering time.] A monotypic genus of temperate Europe and Asia. i. Chelidonium majus L. Celandine. Fig. 1984. Chelidonium majus L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Weak, i-2 high, sparingly pubescent. Leaves thin, 4'-8' long, glaucous beneath, i-2-pinnatifid, the seg- ments ovate or obovate, crenate or lobed ; petioles often dilated at the base; flowers 6"-8" broad, in axillary pedunculate umbels ; petals rounded ; pedicels slender, 2"-6" long, elongating in fruit; capsule glabrous, i'-2' long, tipped with the persistent style and stigma. Waste places, roadsides and even in woods, Maine to Ontario, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. Naturalized or adventive from- Europe. Summer. Called also greater celandine, to distinguish it from Ficaria, the small or lesser celandine. Swallow-wort. Tetterwort. Killwort. Wart- wort. April-Sept. Family 37. FUMARIACEAE DC. Syst. 2: 104. 1821. FUMEWORT FAMILY. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, with watery sap, dissected alternate or basal leaves without stipules, and perfect, irregular flowers variously clustered. Sepals 2, small, scale-like. Petals 4, somewhat united, the 2 outer ones spreading above, one or both saccate or spurred at the base, the 2 inner smaller, narrower, thickened at the tips and united over the stigma. Stamens 6, diadelphous, hypo- gynous, in 2 sets of 3; anther of the middle ones 2-celled, of the lateral ones i-celled. Carpels 2, united into a single pistil, the ovary i-celled ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned ; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved several-seeded 142 FUMARIACEAE. VOL. II. capsule, or i-seeded and indehiscent. Seeds with a minute embryo in fleshy endosperm. Five genera and about 170 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern Africa. Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base. Corolla deeply cordate at base ; petals slightly coherent. i. Bicuculla. Corolla rounded or slightly cordate ; petals permanently coherent, persistent. 2. Adlumia. One of the outer petals spurred ct base. Capsule 2-valved, few-several-seeded. 3. Fruit globose, indehiscent, i -seeded. 4. Capnoides. Fumaria. I. i. BICUCULLA Adans. Fam. PI 2: App. 23. 1763. [DICLYTRA Borck. Roem. Arch, i : Part 2, 46. 1797. DICENTKA Bernh. Linnaea 8: 468. 1833.] Herbs, with dissected leaves, basal in our species, and racemose flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. Corolla cordate at base ; petals 4, in 2 pairs, connivent. slightly coherent, the exterior pair oblong, concave, spurred at the base, spreading at the apex, the inner narrow, clawed, coherent above, crested or winged on the back. Placentae 2; style slender. Capsule oblong or linear, dehiscent to the base by 2 valves. Seeds crested. [Latin, double-hooded.] A genus of about 16 species, natives of North America and Asia. Type species: Fumaria Cuciil- laria L. The original spelling is Bikukulla. Raceme simple ; flowers white or whitish. Spurs divergent ; inner petals minutely crested. I. B. Ciicullaria. Spurs short, rounded ; inner petals conspicuously crested. 2. B. canadensis. Racemes paniculate; flowers pink. 3. B.e.vitnia. Bicuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Dutchman's Breeches. Soldier's Cap. Monks-hood. Breeches-flower. Fig. 1985. Fumaria Cucullaria L. Sp. PI. 699. 1753. Diclytra Cucullaria DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 108. 1821. Dielytra Cucullaria 1. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 66. 1838. Dicentra Cucullaria Torr. Fl. N. Y. i : 45. 1843. Bicuculla Cucullaria Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2 : 327. 1892. Delicate, glabrous, arising from a granulate bulbous base. Leaves all basal, pale beneath, slender- petioled, ternately compound, the divisions stalked and finely dissected into linear or oblanceolate seg- ments ; scape slender, 5'-io' high ; raceme secund, 4-io-flowered ; flowers nodding, pedicelled, 6"-8" long, 8"-io" broad at the base, white, or faintly pink, yellow at the summit; spurs widely divergent; inner petals minutely crested. In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. Colic-weed. Bachelor's- or little-boy's-breeches. Kit- ten-breeches. Boys-and-girls. Indian boys-and-girls. White-hearts. Butterfly-banners. April-May. 2. Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. Squirrel or Turkey Corn. Fig. '1986. Corydalis canadensis Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 329. 1822. Diclytra canadensis DC. Prodr. i: 126. 1824. Dicentra canadensis Walp. Rep. i: 118. 1842. B. canadensis Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2 : 327. 1892. Glabrous, the rootstock bearing numerous small tubers. Leaves all basal and nearly similar to those of the pre- ceding species, decidedly glaucous beneath ; scape slender, 6'-i2' high ; raceme 4-8-flowered ; flowers nodding, short- pedicelled, 7"-o," long, 5" broad at the base, greenish-white, purplish tinged, slightly fragrant; spurs short, rounded; inner petals prominently crested. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota. Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri and Nebraska. Turkey-pea. Colic-weed. Wild hyacinth. April-June. GENUS i. FUMEWORT FAMILY. 3. Bicuculla eximia (Ker) Millsp. Bleeding-heart. Fig. 1987. Wild Fumaria eximia Ker, Bot. Reg. i: pi. 50. 1815. Diclytra eximia DC. Syst. 2: 109. 1821. Dicentra eximia Torr. Fl. N. Y. i : 46. 1843. Bicuculla eximia Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2 : 327. 1892. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous, weak, io'-2 high; rootstock scaly. Leaves all basal, larger than those of the other eastern species, ternately parted, the divisions stalked, finely pinnatifid into oblong or ovate segments; scape slender, about equalling the leaves ; raceme compound ; flowers clustered in cymes, slender-pedicelled, pink, nodding, 8"-io" long, 3 "-4" broad at the base; spurs short, rounded, in- curved; inner petals with projecting crests. In rocky places, western New York, south to Georgia and Tennessee along the Alleghanies. Turkey-corn. Stagger-weed. May-Sept. 2. ADLUMIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. A glabrous climbing biennial vine, with decompound leaves. Petals 4, all permanently united into a narrowly ovate cordate persistent spongy corolla, 4-lobed at the apex. Stamens 6, monadelphous below, diadelphous above, adherent to the petals. Stigmas 2-crested. Cap- sule oblong, included in the persistent corolla. Seeds crestless. Closely related to certain Asiatic species of Bicuculla. [In honor of John Adlum, a gardener of Washington.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing Fumitory. Fig. 1988. Fumaria fungosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: i. 1789. Adlumia cirrhosa Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. A. fungosa Greene; B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 3. 1888. Weak, slender, climbing over other plants by its slender petioles. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, the primary divisions distant, the second more approximate, all slender-stalked ; ultimate segments lobed or entire, very thin, ovate or cuneate, pale beneath ; flowers numerous in axillary drooping cymes, s"-7" long, 3" broad at the base, narrowly ovate, greenish purple ; capsule 2-valved, few-seeded. In moist woods and thickets, New Brunswick to On- tario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and Ten- nessee. Recorded from Kansas. Mountain-fringe. Alleghany-, canary- or cypress-vine. Fairy-creeper. Alleghany- or wood-fringe. June-Oct. 3. CAPNOIDES [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 431. 1763. [NECKERIA Scop. Introd. 313. 1777.] [CORYDALIS Medic. Phil. Bot. 96. 1789.] Erect or climbing herbs, with basal and cauline decompound leaves, and racemose flow- ers, terminal, or opposite the petioles. Sepals 2, small. Corolla irregular, deciduous ; petals 4, erect-connivent, one of the outer pairs spurred at the base, the interior ones narrow, keeled on the back. Stamens 6, in 2 sets, opposite the outer petals. Placentae 2; style entire, di- lated or lobed, persistent. Capsule linear or oblong, 2-valved. [Greek, smoke-like, in allu- sion to the smoke-like odor of some species, as in Fumaria.} About no species, natives of the north temperate zone and South Africa. Type species: Fumaria sempervirens L. Stems tall; flowers pink with yellow tips. i. C. sempervirens. Stems low, diffuse or ascending ; flowers yellow. Flowers 3" -4" long ; spur short. Seeds sharp-margined, wrinkled ; pods drooping or spreading. 2. C. flavulum. Seeds blunt-margined, smooth, shining ; pods ascending. 3. C. micranthum. Flowers 6"-8" long ; spur conspicuous. Pods smooth. Seeds smooth or obscurely reticulated ; pods spreading, ascending or pendulous. 144 FUMARIACEAE. Capsules spreading or drooping, distinctly torulose ; eastern. Capsules ascending, terete or slightly torulose ; western. Seeds finely reticulated ; pods ascending. Pods densely covered with transparent vesicles. VOL. II. 4. C. aurcum. 5. C. montanum. 6. C. campestre. 7. C. crystallinum. i. Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. Pink or Pale Corydalis. Fig. 1989. Fumaria sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 700. 1753. Capnoides sempervirens Borck. in Roem. Arch, i : Part 2, 44. 1797. Corydalis sempervirens Pers. Syn. 2: 269. 1807. Corydalis glauca Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 463. 1814. Glabrous, glaucous, erect or ascending, s'-2 high, freely branching. Lower leaves i'~4' long, short-petioled, the upper nearly sessile, pinnately decompound, the primary divisions distant, the ultimate segments obovate or cuneate, toothed or entire, obtuse, often mucronulate; flowers numerous, panicled, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of the branches, s"-8" long, pink or rarely white, with a yellow tip; spur rounded, about i" long; capsules narrowly linear, erect, i'-2' long, nodose when mature ; seeds shining, minutely reticulated. In rocky places, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Georgia, Minnesota, Montana and British Columbia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. Roman wormwood. April-Sept. 2. Capnoides flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze. Pale or Yellow Corydalis. Fig. 1990. Corydalis flavula Raf.; DC. Prodr. i: 129. 1824. Capnoides flavulum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Slender, glabrous, diffuse or ascending, 6'-i4' high, freely branching. Lower leaves slender- petioled, the upper nearly sessile, all finely dissected into linear or oblong, sometimes cuneate, acute or obtuse segments; pedicels very slender; bracts con- spicuous, broadly oblong, acute or acuminate, 3"-4" long; spur \" long, rounded; outer petals slightly longer than the inner, yellow, sharp-pointed ; crest dentate; pods torulose, drooping or spreading; seeds sharp-margined, finely reticulated. In rocky woods, New York to southwestern Ontario, Minnesota, Virginia and Louisiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Colic-weed. May-June. A 3. Capnoides micranthum (Engelm.) Britton. Small-flowered Corydalis. Fig. 1991. Corydalis aurea var. micrantha Engelm. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. Corydalis micrantha A. Gray, Coult. Bot. Gaz. n : 189. 1886. Capnoides micranthum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 166. 1894. Habit and foliage nearly as in the preceding spe- cies, the ultimate leaf segments generally slightly broader. Flowers similar, the crest entire; or some- times cleistogamous and minute, spurless and slightly or not at all crested ; pods ascending, short-pedi- celled, torulose ; seeds obtuse-margined, smooth, shining. In woods, Minnesota to Missouri, Kansas, Texas, Vir- ginia and Florida. Feb.-April. GENUS 3. FU.MEWORT FAMILY. 4. Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze. Golden Corydalis. Fig. 1992. Corydalis aurea Willd. Enum. 740. 1809. Capnoides aureum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Glabrous, 6'-i4' high, diffuse, branching. Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, finely dissected into oblong obovate or cuneate seg- ments, mainly broader than those of related species ; flowers 6" long, bright yellow ; spur one-half the length of the body of the corolla, or more, rounded ; outer petals keeled, not crested; pedicels short, slender; pods spreading or pendulous, torulose, especially when dry; seeds obtuse-margined, shining, obscurely reticulated. In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Alaska, Penn- sylvania and Missouri, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and California. March-May. 5. Capnoides montanum (Engelm.) Brit- ton. Mountain Corydalis. Fig. 1993. Corydalis montana Engelm. ; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4 : 6. 1849. Corydalis aurea var. occidentalis Engelm. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. Ccpnoides aureum var. occidentals A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan, 17. 1894. Capnoides montanum Britton, Mem. Torn Club 5 : 1 66. 1894. Closely resembles C. aureum, but is lighter green and the leaves are rather more finely divided. Flower-clusters spicate-racemose, the pedicels usually very short; flowers bright yel- low, 6"-8" long; spur of the corolla as long as its body, or less; capsules spreading or some- what ascending; seeds sharp-margined, shining or obscurely reticulated. In dry soil, South Dakota to Kansas, Texas, Utah and Mexico. Perhaps a race of the preceding species. April-Aug. 6. Capnoides campestre Britton. Plains Corydalis. Fig. 1994. Capnoides campestre Britton, Man. Ed. 2, 1065. 1905. Similar to the two preceding species. Flow- ers spicate-racemose, about 8" long, conspicu- ous, bright yellow; spur of the corolla blunt, nearly straight, 2"-2j" long; pods curved upward, very short-pedicelled, stout, somewhat 4-sided ; seeds sharp-margined, finely and distinctly reticulated. In fields and woods, Illinois to Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. April-June. Mistaken in our first edition for the Texan Capnoides curvi- siliquum. Golden corydalis. FUMARIACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Capnoides crystallinum (Engelm.) Kuntze. Vesicular Corydalis. Fig. 1995. Corydalis crystallina Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. J Capnoides crystallinum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Erect or ascending, glabrous, 8'-2o' high, branching. Lower leaves slender-petioled, the upper sessile, all finely dissected into oblong or cuneate segments; pedicels stout, short, diverging; flowers spicate, 6"-8" long, bright yel- low; spur 3"-4" long; crest large, dentate; capsules 9" long, ascending or erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles; seeds acute-margined, tuberculate-reticulated. Prairies, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas. April-June. 4 . FUMARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 699. 1753. Diffuse or erect (sometimes climbing) herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small racemose flowers. Petals 4, erect-connivent, the outer pair larger, i of them spurred, the inner narrow, coherent at the apex, keeled or crested on the back. Stamens 6, diadelphous, opposite the outer petals. Ovule i ; style slender, deciduous ; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit i-seeded, nearly globose, indehiscent. Seeds not crested. [Name from the Latin, smoke, from the smoke-like smell of some species.] About 40 species, all natives of the Old World, the following typical. i. Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory. Hedge Fumitory. Fig. 1996. Fumaria officinalis L. Sp. PI. 700. 1753. Glabrous, stems diffuse or ascending, freely branching, 6'-3 long. Leaves petioled, finely dis- sected into entire or lobed linear oblong or cuneate segments; racemes axillary and terminal, i'-3' long, narrow ; pedicels i"-2" long, axillary to small bracts ; flowers purplish, 2"-$" long, crimson at the summit ; sepals acute, toothed ; spur rounded, \" long; nut i" in diameter, depressed-globose. In waste places and on ballast, occasionally about towns and villages, Newfoundland to Florida and the Gulf States, and locally in the interior. Bermuda. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. Wax- dolls. Earth-smoke. Fumaria parviflora Lam., found on ballast about the seaports, may be distinguished by its still smaller paler flowers (2"), very narrow sharp and channeled leaf- segments, and its apiculate nut. Family 38. CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. MUSTARD FAMILY. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate leaves, and racemose or corymbose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous, or rarely persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or saccate at the base. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, generally clawed. Stamens 6, hypogynous, tetradynamous, rarely fewer. Pistil i, compound, consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae united by a dissepiment ; style generally persistent, sometimes none ; stigma discoid or usually more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicic, generally 2-celled, rarely i -celled, in a few genera indehiscent or lomentaceous. Seeds campylotropous, attached to both sides of the septum ; endosperm none ; cotyledons incumbent, accumbent or conduplicate, or the embryo rarely straight. About 200 genera and 1800 species, of wide geographic distribution. Also known as BRAS- KEY TO GENERA. MUSTARD FAMILY. 147 i. Pod continuous, not transversely 2-jointed. A. COTYLEDONS ACCUMBENT OR INCUMBENT ; PODS DEHISCENT (EXCEPT IN Neslia, Myagrum). a. Pods globose to linear, not greatly elongated nor very broad and flat. * Pubescence stellate, or of forked hairs. Pubescence stellate, or the hairs 2-lobed. Pods orbicular to linear, more or less flattened parallel to the broad partition (ALYSSEAE). Seeds many in each cell of the oval to linear flat pod. i. Draba. Seeds few in each cell of the short pod. Pods little flattened ; petals 2-cleft. 2. Berteroa. Pods much flattened ; petals entire. Flowers white ; pubescence of 2-lobed hairs. 3. Koniga. Flowers yellow ; pubescence stellate. 4. Alyssum. Pods globose or didymous, swollen (PHYSARIEAE). Pods globose. 5. Lesqiterella. Pods didymous. 6. Physaria. Pubescence of forked hairs ; pods little longer than wide (CAMELINEAE). Pods dehiscent, several-many-seeded. Pods obovoid, swollen ; flowers yellow. ". Camelina. Pods not swollen, flattened at right angles to the partition ; flowers white. Pods cuneate to triangular-obcordate. 8. Bursa. Pods elliptic, the valves with a strong midvein. 9. Hutchinsia. Pods indehiscer.t, reticulated, mostly i -seeded. 10. Neslia. ** Pubescence of simple hairs, or wanting. Pods globose to oblong, scarcely or not at all flattened. Aquatic with subulate leaves and minute white flowers; cotyledons incumbent (SUBULARIEAE). ii. Subularia. Aquatic or terrestrial; leaves not subulate; cotyledons accumbent (COCHLEARIEAE). Flowers yellow, small. 12. Radicula. Flowers white, large. Leaves pinnately divided; pods linear. 13. Sisymbrium. Leaves crenate, lobed or pinnatifid ; pods globose or oblong. Terrestrial ; leaves undivided or the lower pinnatifid ; style very short. Tall herbs ; perennials. 14. Armoracia. Low arctic and alpine herbs; annual or biennial. 15. Cochlearia. Aquatic: submersed leaves finely dissected, style slender; pod i -celled. 1 6. Neobeckia. Pods short, strongly flattened at right angles to the narrow partition ; flowers white or purplish. Pods dehiscent (LEPIDIEAE). Seeds solitary in each cell of the pod. Pods smooth, orbicular or ovate. 17. Lepidium. Pods rugose-reticulate or tuberculate. 18. Carara. Seeds 2-several in each cell of the winged pod. 19. Thlaspi. Pods indehiscent (!SATIDEAE). 20. Myagrum. b. Pods elongated-linear, or large, broad and very flat in Lunaria and Selenia. Pods stipitate (STANLEYAE). Pods long-stipitate; sepals reflexed. 21. Stanleya. Pods short-stipitate ; sepals not reflexed. 22. Thelypodium. Pods sessile or very nearly so. Cotyledons incumbent (SISYMBRIEAE). Stigma simple, not 2-lobed. Leaves broad, cordate ; flowers white. 23. Alliaria. Leaves finely dissected ; flowers yellow. 24. Sophia. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes over the placentae. Flowers yellow or orange. Leaves various, not cordate-clasping. Pods 4-angled ; hairs of the stem 2-forked with appressed branches. 25. Cheirinia. Pods terete ; pubescence, if present, of simple hairs. Pods narrowly conic, ribbed. 26. Erysimum. Pods linear-cylindric. 27. Norta. Leaves cordate-clasping, sessile, entire. 28. Conringia. Flowers white, purple or pink. Flowers very large, deep purple. 29. Hesperis. Flowers small, white or pale tmrple. 30. Arabidopsis. Cotyledons accumbent (ARABIDEAE). Pods narrowly linear, rarely oblong. Stems leafy, at least above. Flowers pure yellow ; pods terete or nearly so. 31. Barbarea. Flowers white, pink, violet or purple. Pods terete, not flattened parallel with the partition. 32. lodanthus. Pods more or less flattened parallel with the partition. Seeds winged or wing-margined; pods not elastically dehiscent; pubescence, or some of it, when present, of branched hairs. 33. Arabis. Seeds wingless ; pods mostly elastically dehiscent the base ; pubescence, if present, of simple hairs. Stem leafy below or throughout. 34. Cardamine. Stem leafless below, 2-4-leaved above. 35. Dentaria. Stem scapose, i-few-flowered. 36. Leavenworthia. 148 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. Pods very broad and flat. Flowers yellow ; pods finely veined. Flowers purple ; pods reticulate-veined. B. COTYLEDONS CONDUPLICATE ; POD (SILIQUE) ELONGATED, BEAKED; TION (BRASSICEAE). Silique dehiscent. Beak of the silique stout, flat or angled. Valves 3-nerved. Valves with i strong nerve. Beak of the silique conic, often short. Silique terete ; seeds in i row in each cell. Silique flattened ; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. Silique indehiscent. 37. Selenia. 38. Lunaria. WEEDS OF CULTIVA- 39. Sinapis. 40. Eruca. 41. Brassica. 42. Diplotaxis. 43. Raphanus. 2. Pod transversely 2-jointed; fleshy, seaside herbs (CAKILEAE). 44. Cakile. i. DRABA [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, simple leaves, and mainly racemose flowers. Silicles elliptic, oblong or linear, flat, few to many-seeded, glabrous or pubescent. Stigma nearly entire. Seeds wingless, arranged in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, numerous; valves dehiscent, nerveless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek name for some plant of this family.] Species about 175, mainly natives of the north temperate and arctic regions, a few in southern South America. Besides the following, some 30 others are natives of western North America. Type species : Draba verna L. Flowers white. Petals deeply 2-cleft. Petals entire, toothed, or emarginate. Flowering stems scapose,- leafy only below. Plants annual, not arctic. Leaves entire, obovate or oblong. Leaves dentate, cuneate. Low arctic perennials. Leaves stellate-canescenr. Leaves pilose-ciliate or glabrous. Flowering stems leafy throughout up to the inflorescence. Leaves remotely low-dentate or entire. Basal leaves loosely pubescent, ciliate. Basal leaves densely stellate-canescent. Fruiting pedicels divergent. Fruiting pedicels nearly erect. Leaves sharply dentate. Flowers yellow. Stems leafy. Pods oblong, i"-2" long. Pods linear or lanceolate, 3"- 6" long. Annual ; pods 3 "-4" long ; pedicels divaricately spreading. Perennial ; pods 4"-?" long ; pedicels erect. Stems scapose. i. D.vcrna. 2. D. caroliniana. 3. D. cuneifolia. 4. D. fladnizcnsis. 5. D. nivalis. 6. D. incana. 7. D. arabisans, 8. D. stylaris. 9. D. ramosissima. 10. D.brachycarpa. 11. D. nemorosa. 12. D. aurea. 13. D. alpina. i. Draba verna L. Vernal Whitlow-grass. Shad-flower. Nailwort. Fig. 1997. Draba verna L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Erophila vulgaris DC. Syst. Veg. 2 : 356. 1821. Annual or biennial, the leafless scapes numerous, I '-5' high, erect or ascending, arising from a tuft of basal leaves, which are oblong or spatulate-oblanceolate, i'-i' long, den- tate or nearly entire, acutish and pubescent with stiff stellate hairs; scapes nearly glabrous; flowers white, cleis- togamous, i\"-2" broad; petals deeply bifid; pedicels ascending, \'-\' long in fruit; racemes elongating; pods oblong to oval, glabrous, 3 "-4" long, i" broad, obtuse, shorter than their pedicels; style minute; seeds numerous. In fields, Massachusetts to New York, Minnesota, Georgia and Tennessee. Recorded from Quebec. Naturalized from Europe. Occurs also in Washington and British Columbia. Native of Europe and western Asia. Consists of a great many slightly differing races. White-blow. Feb.-May. GENUS I. MUSTARD FAMILY. 2. Draba caroliniana Walt. Carolina Whitlow-grass. Fig. 1998. Draba caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 174. 1788. Draba hispidula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 28. 1803. Draba caroliniana micrantha A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 72. 1867. Draba micrantha Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 109. 1838. Winter-annual, the flowering scapes i'-s' high from a short leafy stem. Leaves tufted, obovate, 4"-io" long, obtuse, entire or rarely with 3 or 4 teeth, pubescent with stiff stellate hairs ; scapes nearly glabrous ; flowers white, I $"-2" broad; petals entire, sometimes want- ing in the later flowers; pedicels i"-2" long in fruit, clustered near the summit of the scape; pods linear, 4"-6" long, nearly i" broad, glabrous or appressed-pubescent ; style none. In sandy fields, eastern Massachusetts to south- ern Ontario, Nebraska, Minnesota, Idaho, Georgia, Arkansas and Arizona. March-June. 3. Draba cuneifolia Nutt. Wedge-leaved Whitlow-grass. Fig. 1999. Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 108. 1838. Winter-annual, stellate-pubescent all over, 4>'-8' high, branching and leafy below. Leaves obovate, cuneate, or the lowest spatulate, i'-ii' long, obtuse, dentate toward the summit; flow- ering branches erect or ascending; flowers white, 2" broad; petals emarginate, twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; pedicels ascend- ing or spreading, 2"-4" long in fruit; raceme elongating; petals emarginate; pods linear- oblong, obtuse, 4"-S" long, i" wide, minutely hairy; style none. In fields, Kentucky to Kansas, south to Florida, Texas and northern Mexico, west to southern California. Feb.-April. 4. Draba fladnizensis Wulf. White Arctic Whitlow- grass. Fig. 2000. Draba fladnizensis Wulf. in J&cq, Misc. i : 147. 1778. Draba androsacea Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 174. 1812. Draba cormybosa R. Br. in Ross, Voy. App. 143. 1819. A low tufted arctic or alpine perennial. Leaves oblanceo- late basal, rosulate, acutish, entire, stellate-pubescent or with some simple hairs, ciliate or rarely nearly glabrous, 4"-8" long; flowers whitish; scapes glabrous; pedicels ascending, i"-2" long in fruit; raceme at length somewhat elongated; pods oblong, glabrous, 2"-3" long, nearly i" wide, style almost wanting. Labrador ; Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec ; and through arctic America, south in the higher Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 5. Draba nivalis Lilj. Yellow Arctic Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2001. Draba nivalis Lilj. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1793 : 208. 1 793. Perennial by a short branched caudex; scapes tufted, somewhat pubescent, slender, leafless or sometimes bearing a small sessile leaf, i'-4' high. Basal leaves usually numerous, tufted, oblanceolate or spatulate, 2"-f long, entire, acutish or acute at the apex, narrowed into a short petiole, stellate-canescent, not ciliate, or slightly so near the base; flowers yellow, about 2" broad; calyx pubescent; style short; pods oblong or linear-oblong, narrowed at both ends, glabrous or but little pubescent, on ascending pedicels i"-3" long. Labrador and Greenland, through arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada. Also in north- ern Europe and Asia. Summer. 6. Draba incana L. Hoary or Twisted Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2002. Draba incana L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Draba confusa Ehrh. Beitr. 7: 155. 1792. Perennial or biennial ; flowering stems erect, sim- ple or somewhat branched, leafy, loosely pilose- pubescent, 16' high or less. Leaves 4"-i2" long, acutish or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire, the basal ones oblanceolate, those of the flowering stems lanceolate to ovate; flowers white, l"-ii" broad; petals notched, twice as long as the calyx ; pods oblong or lanceolate, acute, twisted when ripe, on short nearly erect pedicels, densely pubescent or gla- brous ; style minute. In rocky places, Newfoundland and Labrador to Que- bec. Also in arctic and alpine Europe. Hunger-flower. Nailwort. Summer. Draba hirta L. of high boreal regions has fewer stem- leaves and longer fruiting pedicels. 7. Draba arabisans Michx. Rock-cress Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2003. D. arabisans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 28. 1803. D. incana arabisans S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23 : 260. 1888. D. arabisans orthocarpa Fernald, Rhodora 7 : 66. 1905. Perennial by a slender branched caudex, the flowering stems 6'-2o' high, sparingly stellate- pubescent, often numerous. Leaves thin, green, loosely and mostly sparingly stellate-pubescent, the tufted basal ones spatulate to oblanceolate, \'-2\' long, 2"-4" wide, usually remotely den- tate, sometimes entire, those of the flowering stems similar, oblong to spatulate; flowers white ; fruiting pedicels slender, divergent- ascending, 5" long or less; pods narrowly ob- long, glabrous, $"-7" long, i"-2" wide, twisted or straight. On cliffs and in rocky and sandy soil, New- foundland and Labrador to Maine, Vermont, northern New York and western Ontario. June- Aug. GENUS i. MUSTARD FAMILY. 8. Draba stylaris J. Gay. Canescent Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2004. Draba stylaris J. Gay, in Thomas, Cat. 1818. D. confusa Reichenb. Ic. Crit. 8: 1033. 1830. Not Ehrh. Perennial or biennial; flowering stems simple or little branched, 15' high or less, loosely pilose. Basal leaves ob- lanceolate, few-toothed, 4'-ii' long, densely stellate-canescent ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, somewhat toothed or entire, more or less stellate-canescent; flowers white; fruit- ing pedicels nearly erect, \"-2\" long; pods oblong to lanceo- late, 3i"-6" long, mostly twisted when mature, stellate- canescent. Cliffs and rocks, Newfoundland and Labrador to the mountains of Vermont ; Alberta and British Columbia ; Colorado. Europe. Previously confused with D. incana L. Draba megasperma Fernald & Knowlton, found on a gravelly beach in Bonaventure County, Quebec, differs in having broader pods, larger seeds and the flowering stems stellate-canescent. Draba pycnosperma Fernald & Knowlton, of limestone cliffs and ledges in Quebec, has shorter pods with crowded angled seeds. 9. Draba ramosissima Desv. Branching Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2005. Draba ramosissima Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 186. 1814. Erect, much branched below, 6'-i8' high, stellate- pubescent throughout, the branches bearing tufts of leaves, the inflorescence corymbosely paniculate. Lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, l'-2' long, acute, dentate with spreading teeth ; upper leaves oblong or ovate, similarly dentate ; branches of the panicle erect or ascending; flowers white, 2"-3" broad ; petals entire or erose, twice or thrice the length of the sepals ; pedicels spreading or ascending, 3"-4" long in fruit ; pods oblong or lanceolate, hairy, 3"-4" long, twisted; style slender, i"-2" long. Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. April-May. 10. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Short-fruited Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2006. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 108. 1838. Annual, tufted, 2'-$' high, loosely stellate-pubes- cent, leafy to the inflorescence. Basal leaves ovate or obovate, 4"-6" long, obtuse, sparingly dentate or entire; stem-leaves smaller, sessile, oblong, entire; pedicels ascending, i"-2" long in fruit; raceme elongating; flowers yellow, i" broad; petals some- what longer than the calyx, sometimes wanting; pods oblong, acute, \\"-2" long, J" broad; style minute. Dry hills and fields, Virginia to Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Georgia, Louisiana and Arkansas. Montana to Oregon. March-May. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. ii. Draba nemorosa L. Wood Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2007. Draba nemorosa L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Winter-annual, loosely stellate-pubescent, 6'-i2' high, branching below, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, dentate, the lower io"-i2" long, 5"-?" wide, the upper smaller; flowers yellow, fading to whitish, i" broad; petals notched, slightly exceeding the calyx; pedicels divari- cately spreading in fruit, glabrous, 3"-io" long; racemes open, much elongating; pods pubescent, or glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 3"-4" long; style none. Western Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota and western Nebraska to Oregon, arctic America and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 12. Draba aurea Vahl. Golden Whitlow- grass. Fig. 2008. D. aurea Vahl in Hornem. Fl. OEcon. Ed. 2, 599. 1806. Perennial, pubescent throughout with stellate and simple hairs; stem branching or nearly simple, 6'-io' high, leafy to the inflorescence. Basal leaves oblan- ceolate or spatulate, 6"-i2" long, obtuse or acutish, slightly dentate or entire, often ciliate at the base; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute ; pods lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, 4"-6" long; flowers yellow, 2" broad; petals twice the length of the calyx, emar- ginate or entire ; pods acute, pubescent or rarely glabrous, at length slightly twisted, 4"-7" long, on erect pedicels one-half their length; style stout, i" long. Mignon Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Labrador, Greenland ; arctic America and in the Rocky Mountains south to Arizona. Summer. 13. Draba alpina L. Alpine Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2009. Draba alpina L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Perennial by a branched caudex, densely tufted, scapes pubescent, i'-6' high. Leaves all basal, entire or few-toothed, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, ciliate, or villous-pubescent, sometimes with some stellate hairs, 2"-6" long, sessile or short-petioled ; flowers yellow, about 3" broad ; calyx pubescent or villous; style i" long or less; pod oval or ovate, narrowed at both ends, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. 2j"-4" long, i"-il" wide; pedicels ascending, i"-s" long Greenland to Hudson Bay, the mountains of British Columbia and Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. Draba crassifolia Graham, a low annual or biennial species, with tufted basal ciliate leaves, small yellowish scapose flowers, of arctic and alpine distribution, ranges south to Labrador. GENUS 2. MUSTARD FAMILY. '53 2. BERTEROA DC. Mem. Mus. Paris, 7: 232. 1821. Annual or perennial herbs, stellate-pubescent or canescent, the leaves mostly narrow and entire, and the flowers white in terminal racemes. Petals 2-cleft. Filaments 2-toothed at the base. Silicles oblong or subglobose, somewhat compressed. Seeds several in each cell, winged. Cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of C. G. Bertero, a botanist of Piedmont, 1739-1831.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical. i. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. Fig. 2010. Alyssum incanum L. Sp. PI. 650. 1753. Berteroa incana DC. Syst. 2: 291. 1821. Erect or ascending, i-2 high, hoary-pubescent, branching above. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, i'-ii' long, obtuse, entire or slightly undulate, the lower nar- rowed into a petiole; flowers white, i"-ii" broad; pedicels ascending, 2"-$" long in fruit ; pod canescent, swollen, oblong, 3"-4" long and about half as broad; style i"-ii" long; stigma minute. In waste places, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Massa- chusetts, New Jersey and Missouri. Adventive or natural- ized from Europe. Racemes elongating, the flowers and pods very numerous. June-Sept. Berteroa mutabilis (Vent.) DC, also native of Europe, has a more compressed, sparingly pubescent and slightly larger pod ; it is recorded as adventive in Massachusetts. 3. KONIGA* Adans. Fam. PL 2 : 420. 1763. [LOBULARIA Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 172. 1813.] Perennial herbs or shrubs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, with entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Filaments slender, not toothed, but with two small glands at the base. Silicic compressed, oval or orbicular. Seeds I in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name in honor of Charles Konig, a curator of the British Museum.] About 4 species, natives of the Mediterranean region, the following typical. i. Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. Sweet Alyssum. Seaside Koniga. Madwort. Snow-drift. Fig. 2011. Clypeola maritima L. Sp. PI. 652. 1753. Alyssum maritimum Lam. Encycl. I : 98. 1783. Koniga maritima R. Br. in Denh. & Clapp, Narr. Exp. Afric. 214. 1826. Procumbent or ascending, freely branch- ing, 4'- 1 2' high, minutely pubescent with appressed hairs Stem-leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate or linear, -2' long, \"-2\" wide; basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, flowers white, fragrant, about 2" broad ; pedicels ascending, $"-4" long in fruit ; pods glabrous, pointed, oval or nearly orbicular, i"-ii" long; calyx deciduous; stamens not appendaged. In waste places, occasional. Vermont to Penn- sylvania and on the Pacific Coast. Bermuda. Cuba. Escaped from rardens. Adventive from Europe. Sweet allison. Summer. 4. ALYSSUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 650. 1753. Low branching stellate-pubescent annual or perennial herbs, with small racemose yellow or yellowish flowers. Petals entire. Filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged. Silicic ovate, oblong or orbicular, compressed, its valves nerveless, the septum thin. Stigma * Originally spelled Konig. Latinized by R. Brown in 1826. '54 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. nearly entire. Seeds i or 2 in each cell of the pod, wingless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, curing madness.] A genus of 100 species or more, natives of the Old World, some of them known as Madwort. Type species: Alyssum montanum L. i. Alyssum alyssoides L. Yellow or Small Alyssum. Fig. 2012. Clypeola alyssoides L. Sp. PI. 652. 1753. Alyssum alyssoides L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1130. 1759. Alyssum calycinum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 908. 1763. Annual, densely erect, simple, or branching from the base, tufted, 3'-io' high. Leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, nar- rowed at the base, obtuse, entire, 3"-is" long, the lower some- what petioled; flowers yellowish-white, i" broad; pedicels spreading or ascending, 2" long in fruit; pods orbicular, ii" in diameter, margined, minutely pubescent, notched at the apex, tipped with the minute style; sepals persistent around the base of the pod ; seeds 2 in each cell ; style minute ; fila- ments of the shorter stamens minutely toothed at the base. In fields, Ontario to Massachusetts, southeastern New York, New Jersey and Iowa, and in ballast about the seaports. Also in the Far West. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Heal-bite. Heal-dog. Summer. 5. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 249. 1888. Low annual or perennial herbs, with stellate pubescence, simple leaves, and racemose mainly yellow flowers. Petals entire. Anthers sagittate. Pod generally inflated, globose or oblong; valves nerveless; septum translucent, nerved from the apex to the middle. Seeds several or many in each cell of the pod, flattened, marginless or narrow-margined ; cotyledons accumbent. [Dedicated to Leo Lesquere^ix, 1805-1889, Swiss and American botanist.] A genus of about 35 species, natives of America, and mainly of the western parts of the United States. Type species : Lesquerella Lescurii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Pods stellate-pubescent. Pods ob'ong, acute, 2" long ; low perennial. i. L. spathulata. Pods globose, i" in diameter; tall annual or biennial. 2. L. globosa. Pods oval or subglobose, 2" long ; tall biennial or perennial. 3. L. argentea. Pods glabrous or very nearly so. Annual, sparingly pubescent; stem slender, i-2 tall, much branched; southwestern. 4. L. gracilis. Perennial, densely stellate ; stem rather stout, 6'-i2' tall, simple; western. 5. L. ovalifolia. Perennial, i'-6' tall; stem simple; arctic. 6. L. arctica. i. Lesquerella spathulata Rydberg. Fig. 2013. Low Bladder-pod. Lesquerella spathulata Rydberg, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : 486. 1896. Perennial, tufted from a deep root, very finely canescent and stellate, 4'-s' high; stems slender, generally numerous, simple. Lower leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 6"-i2" long, acutish, narrowed into a petiole; the upper linear, mainly less than.i" wide ; flowers yellow, about 2" broad ; racemes rather few-flow- ered ; pedicels 3 "-6" long, ascending, or recurved in fruit ; pods oblong or nearly globose, slightly compressed, acute, subacute or rarely obtuse at each end, finely canescent, about 2" long, few-seeded, tipped with a style of about their own length ; septum commonly unperforated. Dry hills, Nebraska and South Dakota to Montana and the North- west Territory. June. GENUS 5. MUSTARD FAMILY. 2. Lesquerella globosa (Desv.) S. Wats. Short's Bladder-pod. Fig. 2014. Vesicaria globosa Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 184. 1814. Vesicaria Short ii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 102. 1838. L. globosa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 252. 1888. Slender, erect or ascending, sparingly branch- ing, 6'-2o' high, finely stellate-pubescent all over. Basal leaves obovate, i'-ii' long, obtuse; stem- leaves narrower, linear or oblong, smaller, sessile, entire or with slightly undulate margins, the lowest sometimes narrowed into a petiole ; flow- ers yellow; petals 2"-$" long; pedicels slender, spreading, 4"-$" long in fruit; raceme elongat- ing; pod nearly globular, i" in diameter, glabrous when mature ; seeds i or 2 in each cell ; style very slender, 2" long. In open places, Kentucky and Tennessee to eastern Missouri. April. 3. Lesquerella argentea (Pursh) MacM. Silvery Bladder-pod. Fig. 2015. Myagrum argenteum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 434. 1814. Vesicaria argentea DC. Syst. 2: 297. 1821. Lesquerella Ludoviciana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23:252. 1888. L. argentea MacM. Met. Minn. 263. 1892. Biennial or perennial, tufted, nearly simple, 6'-i8' high, densely stellate-pubescent through- out. Leaves linear, oblong or oblanceolate, the lower 2'-$' long, blunt, entire or sparingly repand-toothed ; flowers yellow ; petals 3" long; pedicels slender, 8"-i2" long in fruit, spreading or recurved; pod slightly stipitate, stellate-pubescent, globose to oval, 2"-2\" long; style about equalling the pod. Prairies, Minnesota, Nebraska and Kansas to North Dakota, Wyoming and Arizona. May-June. 4. Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.) S. Wats. Slender Bladder-pod. Fig. 2016. Vesicaria gracilis Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 3533. 1836. L. gracilis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 253. 1888. Annual, weak, green, stem slender, io'-2o' high, freely branching, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Leaves linear or oblanceolate, the lower slightly petioled, the upper sessile, p"-2' long, their margins often undulate; flowers yellow; petals about 3" long; pedicels spreading, sometimes i' long in fruit, ascending or upwardly curved; pod globose, glabrous, 2" in diameter, stipitate at the end of the pedicel; style 2" long; seeds several in each cell. Prairies, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas. March- May. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 5. Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydb. Oval- leaved Bladder-pod. Fig. 2017. Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydb. ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 137. 1897. Perennial from a tufted caudex, pale, densely stellate-canescent. Basal leaves tufted, broadly oval to obovate, sometimes nearly orbicular, entire, obtuse or subacute, i'-2 r long, narrowed into rather long petioles ; stem-leaves distant, sessile, or the lowest short-petioled, linear-ob- lanceolate or narrowly spatulate; fruiting pedi- cels comparatively stout, ascending, 6"-io" long; pods very short-stipitate, subglobose, obtuse, 2^"- 3" in diameter, glabrous; style about 3" long; seeds about 6 in each cell. In dry soil, Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado. 6. Lesquerella arctica (DC.) S. Wats. Arctic Bladder-pod. Fig. 2018. Alyssum? arcticuin DC. Syst. 2: 324. 1821. Vesicaria arctica Richards. Frank. Journ. 743. 1823. Lesquerella arctica S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 254. 1888. Perennial, tufted, densely stellate-pubescent, stem nearly or quite simple, erect, i'-5' tall. Leaves oblanceolate, or spatulate, or the upper oblong, i' long or less, obtuse, entire, the basal ones narrowed into broad petioles, the upper sessile; petals about 2" long; pods oval or subglo- bose, obtuse, 2"-3" high, glabrous or somewhat stellate- pubescent, few-seeded; septum perforated; style i" or less long. Greenland and arctic America. Summer. The plant described as Lesquerella arctica Purshii S. Watts., is taller, sometimes 6' high ; the septum of the sparsely stellate- pubescent pod unperforated. Anticosti. 6. PHYSARIA A. Gray, Gen. 111. i : 162. 1848. Low perennial stellate-canescent herbs, with erect or ascending usually quite simple stems, spatulate mostly entire leaves, the basal ones tufted, and medium-sized yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Petals longer than the sepals. Style filiform. Silicles membranous, stellate-pubescent, their cells inflated, the septum narrow. Seeds not margined; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, bellows, from the resemblance of the inflated fruit.] About 6 species, natives of western North America, the following typical. i. Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. Double Bladder-pod. Fig. 2019. Vesicaria didymocarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 49. pi. 16. 1830. Physaria didymocarpa A. Gray, Gen. 111. i: 162. 1848. Physaria brassicoides Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29 : 237. 1902. Densely stellate-canescent, pale green ; root long and deep. Stems decumbent or ascending, slender, simple, 3'-! 2' long; leaves spatulate, the basal ones obtuse, entire, or few-lobed, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, i'-s' long; stem-leaves nearly sessile, acute or subacute, much smaller ; racemes 2'-$' long in fruit ; flowers s"-6" broad ; pods didymous, vari- able, often 6" thick through the strongly inflated cavities, emarginate at base and summit or narrowed at base, commonly broader than high ; seeds numerous. In dry soil. North Dakota to Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. May-Aug. GENUS 7. MUSTARD FAMILY. '57 7. CAMELINA Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i : 18. 1762. Erect annual herbs, with entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small yellowish flowers. Silicles ohovoid or pear-shaped, slightly flattened; valves very convex, i-nerved. Seeds several or numerous in each cell, oblong, marginless, arranged in 2 rows. Stigma entire ; style slender. Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, low flax.] A genus of about 5 species, natives of Europe and eastern Asia. Type species : Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. i.C. saliva. 2. C. microcarpa. Glabrous, or nearly so ; pod 3"-4" long. Pubescent, at least below ; pod 2"-$" long. i. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Gold-of- Pleasure. False or Dutch Flax. Fig. 2020. Myagrum sativum L. Sp. PI. 641. 1753. Camelina sativa Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i: 18. 1762. Glabrous, or nearly so, simple, or branching above, i-2 high. Lowest leaves petioled, entire or toothed, 2'~3' long, lanceolate, acutish; upper leaves sessile, smaller, clasping by a sagittate base, mostly entire; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 6"-io" long in fruit; flowers numerous, about 3" long; pod obovoid or pyriform, margined, slightly flattened, 3"-4" long, about 2 "-3" wide; style slender, \\" long. In fields (especially where flax has been grown) and waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Pennsylva- nia, Kansas and California, naturalized from Europe. Old name, myagrum. Cultivated in Europe for the fine oil of its seeds ; nutritious to cattle. Oil-seed. Siberian oilseed. Cheat. Madwort. June-July. 2. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Small- fruited False-flax. Fig. 2021. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ; DC. Syst. 2 : 517. 1821. Camelina sylvestris Wallr. Sched. Crit. 347. 1822. Stem pubescent, at least below, simple or with few elongated branches. Leaves lanceolate, ses- sile, auricled, or the lower narrowed at the base; fruiting racemes much elongated, often i long or more ; pedicels relatively somewhat shorter than those of C. sativa; pod smaller, rather more flattened, 2" -3" long, strongly margined. In waste places, Ontario to Rhode Island, Virginia, British Columbia, Kansas and Arizona. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. May-July. 8. BURSA [Siegesb.] Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 47. 1780. [CAPSELLA Medic. Pfl. Gatt. i : 85. 1792.] Annual or winter-annual erect herbs, pubescent with forked hairs; basal leaves tufted. Flowers racemose, small, white. Silicles cuneate, obcordate or triangular, compressed at right angles with the septum, the valves boat-shaped, keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Middle Latin, purse, from the shape of the pod.] About 4 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, the following typical. In addition to the following, another occurs in the western parts of North America. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. i Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Shep- herd's-purse, -bag or -pouch. Fig. 2022. Thtapsi Bursa-pastoris L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. B. pastoris Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 47. 1780. Capseila Bursa-pastoris Medic. Pfl. Gatt. i : 85. 1792. Bursa Bursa-pastoris Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 172. 1894. Erect, branching, 6'-2o' high from a long deep root, pubescent below, mainly glabrous above. Basal leaves more or less lobed or pinnatifid, forming a large rosette, rarely entire, 2'-$' long; stem-leaves few, lanceolate, auricled dentate or entire, flowers white, about i" long; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, $''-?" long in fruit ; pods triangular, cuneate at the base, truncate or emarginate at the apex, 2"-4" long; seeds 10 or 12 in each cell. In fields and waste places, very common. Naturalized from Europe, and widely distributed as a weed over all parts of the globe. Consists of several races. Jan.-Dec. Other names are St. James'-weed, case-weed, mother's heart. Pick-purse. Pick-pocket. Lady's-purse. Witches'- pouches. Shovel-weed. Wind-flower. Pepper-plant. Toothwort. Toywort. 9. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 82. 1812. [HYMENOLOBUS Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 117. 1838.] Low mostly diffuse herbs, more or less pubescent with forked hairs, our species annual, with entire or pinnately lobed leaves, and very small white flowers in terminal racemes, the axis of the racemes much elongating in fruit. Stamens 6. Style wanting or very short. Silicles oval, obcompressed (i. e., at right angles to the partition), the valves with a strong midvein. Seeds numerous in each cell; cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. [Name in honor of Miss Hutchins, of Bantry, Ireland, an eminent botanist.] About 8 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the following known in North Amer- ica. Type species : Hutchinsia petraea (Willd.) R. Br. i. Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) Desv. Prostrate Hutchinsia. Fig. 2023. Lepidium procumbens L. Spec. PI. 643. 1753. Hutchinsia procumbens Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 168. 1814. Hymenolobus divaricatus Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 117. 1838. Capseila elliptica C. A. Meyer; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 199. 1831. Tufted, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous, branching near the base, the branches ascending or procumbent, slender, 2'-6' long. Lower leaves short-petioled, pin- natifid, lobed, dentate or sometimes entire, |'-i' long; upper leaves sessile or very nearly so, entire or lobed; flowers about \" broad ; pedicels very slender, ascend- ing or spreading, 3"-6" long in fruit; pods elliptic or oval, mostly obtuse or emarginate, i$"-2" long; seeds several in each cell. In moist ground, often in saline situations, Labrador to British Columbia, and widely distributed in the Pacific States. Also in Europe, Asia and Australia. June-Aug. 10. NESLIA Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 162. 1814. [SPHAEROCARPUS Heist.; Fabr. Enum. PI. Hort. Helmst. 1763. Not. Adans. 1763.] An annual or biennial erect branching herb, hispid with branched hairs, with entire leaves, and small yellow racemose flowers. Silicles small, globose, wingless, reticulated, indehiscent, i -celled, i-seeded or rarely 2-seeded. Style filiform. Seed horizontal; coty- ledons incumbent. [Dedicated to J. A. N. De Nesle, a French botanist.] A monotypic genus of Europe and eastern Asia. GENUS 10. MUSTARD FAMILY. i. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Ball Mus- tard. Fig. 2024. Myagrum paniculatum L. Sp. PI. 641. 1753. Neslia paniculata Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 162. 1814. Slender, branched above, rather densely rough- hispid, i-2 high. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper linear-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, sagittate-clasping at the base, \'-z\' long, 2"-8" wide; racemes elongated; flowers yellow, nearly i" broad; pedicels filiform, ascending, 3"-5" long in fruit; silicles globose, or slightly depressed, about i" in diameter, finely reticulated. In waste places, Quebec to Manitoba, North Dakota, British Columbia and Pennsylvania, and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Adventive or fugitive from Eu- rope. May-Sept. Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All., a plant with 2-jointed indehiscent pods, erect on appressed pedicels, in long racemes, has been found as a waif at Easton, Penn., and plentifully in ballast about the seaports. It is re- lated to Raphanns. ii. SUBULARIA L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Small annual aquatic submerged herbs, with basal linear subulate leaves, and minute racemose white flowers. Silicles short-stipitate, globose to oblong or elliptic, the valves con- vex, i-ribbed on the back, the partition broad. Stigma sessile, entire. Seeds few, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Coty- ledons narrow, incumbent, curved above their base. [Latin awl, from the awl-shaped leaves.] A monotypic genus of the northern hemisphere. i. Subularia aquatica L. Water Awl wort. Fig. 2025. Subularia aquatica L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Tufted, glabrous, i'-4' high, growing on the margins and bottoms of lakes in shallow water. Flowering scape simple, lateral, i'-3$' high; leaves nearly cylindric, 6"-i5" long; flow- ers few, racemose, distant; pedicels slender, i"-3" long in fruit; petals white, minute; pods i"-ij" long. In clear, cold lakes, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Maine, New Hampshire and Ontario, south in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming, and to California. Also in Europe and Siberia. June- Sept. 12. RADICULA Hill, Brit. Herb. 265. 1756. [RbRiPA Scop. Fl. Cam. 520. 1760.] [NASTURTIUM R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 109. 1812.] Branching herbs, with simple or pinnate lobed dissected or rarely entire leaves, and small yellow flowers. Sepals spreading. Stamens 1-6. Pods short, terete or nearly so. Stipe none. Valves nerveless or i-nerved. Style short or slender. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell or very rarely in I row. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name Latin, diminutive of radix, root.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, there are about 12 other North American species, natives of the southern and western parts of the continent. Type species : Sisymbrium amphibium L. Flowers and pods distinctly pedicelled ; pods smooth or nearly so. Plants perennial by creeping or subterranean branches. Leaves pinnately divided ; style very short ; naturalized European species, i. R. sylvestris. Leaves pinnatifid ; style slender ; native western species. 2. R. sinuata. Plants annual, biennial or perennial, with fibrous roots. Fruiting pedicels \"-z" long; stem diffuse. Pods linear to oblong, 3" -5" long. 3. R. obtusa. Pods subglcbose, about i" in diameter. 4. R. sphaerocarpa. Fruiting pedicels 2" -4" long ; stem erect. Stem nearly or quite glabrous ; pods linear or linear-oblong. 5. R. palustris. Stem hispid-pubescent; pods globose or oval. 6. R.hispida. Flowers and pods very nearly sessile. 7. R. sessiliflora. i6o CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II i- Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce. Creep- ing Yellow Water-cress. Fig. 2026. Sisymbrium sylvestre L. Sp. PI. 657. 1753. Nasturtium sylvestre R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4 : 1 10. 1812. Roripa sylvestris Bess. Enum. 27. 1821. Radicula sylvestris Druce, List Brit. Plants 4. 1908. Perennial, glabrous; stems creeping, branches ascending. Leaves pinnately divided or deeply pinnatifid, petioled, 3'-s' long, i'-2 r broad, ovate in outline, the divisions obovate, or oblong, toothed or lobed, the terminal one often somewhat larger than the lateral; pedicels slender, 3" long; flow- ers yellow, 3"-4" broad; pod linear, 4"-6" long; style very short. In wet grounds and waste places, Newfoundland to Ontario, Virginia and Michigan. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Yellow-cress. Summer. 2. Radicula sinuata (Nutt.) Greene. Spreading Yellow-cress. Fig. 2027. Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 73. 1838. Roripa sinuata A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Man- hattan 1 8. 1894. Radicula sinuata Greene, Leaflets i : 113. 1905. Perennial, diffuse, glabrous, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 2'-^' long, i'-i' wide, pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong, obtuse, entire, or sparingly dentate; pedicels slender, 3" long; flowers yellow, about 2" broad ; pods linear- oblong, sometimes slightly curved, smooth or a little roughened, 4"-6" long; style slender, i"-il" long. In dry or moist sandy soil, Illinois and Minne- sota to Assiniboia, Washington, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. St. Thomas, Canada. June-Scot. Has been mistaken for R. curvisiliqua (Hook.) Greene. 3. Radicula obtusa (Nutt.) Greene, Blunt-leaved Yellow-cress. Fig. 2028. Nasturtium obtusum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I : 74. 1838. Roripa obtusa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 169. 1894. Radicula obtusa Greene, Leaflets, i: 113. 1905. Annual or biennial, diffuse, much-branched, the branches ascending or erect. Leaves ob- long or oblanceolate, 2'-4' long, pinnately di- vided, or pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse, repand- toothed, or sometimes entire; pedicels i"-2" long; flowers yellow, i" broad or less; pods narrowly oblong, or linear, 3"~5" long, ascend- ing; style \" long. In low grounds, Michigan to Missouri, Texas, Montana and California, April-Aug. GENUS 12. MUSTARD FAMILY. 4. Radicula sphaerocarpa (A. Gray) Greene. Round-fruited Cress. Fig. 2029. Nasturtium sphaerocarpum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4 : 6. 1849. Roripa sphaerocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 170. 1894. ^?. obtusa sphaerocarpa Robinson, Rhodora 10 : 32. 1 908. Radicula sphaerocarpa Greene, Leaflets, i : 113. 1905. Glabrous, stem erect or decumbent, usually branched, slender, 4'-! 2' high. Leaves oblong, obtuse, the lower lyrate-pinnatifid or incised, the upper sometimes nearly entire, all petioled or the upper subsessile; petioles narrowly margined, somewhat clasping at the base ; flowers i" broad or less; petals yellow, about equalling the sepals; silicic globose, or subglobose, i"-2" in diameter, about as long as its pedicel ; style very short. Illinois to Kansas, Texas and California. Perhaps a short-podded race of the preceding species. June- July. 5. Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. Marsh or Yellow Water-cress. Fig. 2030. Sisymbrium amphibium var. palustre L. Sp. PI. 657. I7S3- Radicula palustris Moench. Meth. 263. 1794. Nasturtium terrestre R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: no. 1812. Nasturtium palustre DC. Syst. 2: igi. 1821. Roripa palustris Bess. Enum. 27. 1821. Annual, or biennial, erect, branching, glabrous or slightly pubescent, i-3i high. Lower leaves petioled, 3'-7' long, oblong or oblanceolate, deeply pinnatifid (rarely only dentate), the lobes acutish or blunt, repand or toothed ; upper leaves nearly ses- sile, dentate or somewhat lobed; base of the petiole often dilated and clasping; pedi- cels slender, 3" long in fruit; flowers yel- low, 2"-3" broad; pods linear, or linear- oblong, 2-6 times as long as thick, about equalling the pedicels, spreading or curved ; style i" long or less. In wet places, nearly throughout North America except the extreme north. Appar- ently in part naturalized from Europe on the eastern side of the continent, but widely indigenous. Yellow wood-cress. May-Aug. 6. Radicula hispida (Desv.) Britton. Yellow-cress. Fig. 2031. Hispid Brachylobus hispidus Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 183. 1814. Nasturtium hispidum DC. Syst. 2: 201. 1821. Nasturtium palustre var. hispidum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 30. 1856. Roripa hispida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 169. 1894. Radicula hispida Britton, Torreya 6: 30. 1906. R. palustris hispida Robinson, Rhodora 10: 32." 1908. Resembling the preceding species, but often stouter, sometimes 4 high and with lower leaves 10' long, the stem, branches, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces of the_ leaves hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; pedicels slender, spreading, about 3" long, longer than the globose or ovoid pod, which is 1-2 times as long as thick. In wet places, New Brunswick to Alaska, British Co- lumbia. Florida and New Mexico. Europe. Summer. 162 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. Radicula curvisiliqua (Hook.) Greene, admitted into our first edition as reported from Ne- braska is here omitted ; it is not definitely known to range east of Wyoming. 7. Radicula sessiliflora (Xutt.) Greene. Sessile-flowered Cress. Fig. 2032. Nasturtium sessiliflorum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N A i 73 1838. Roripa sessiliflora A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhat- tan 1 8. 1894. Radicula sessiliflora Greene, Leaflets i: 113. 1905. Annual or biennial, erect, glabrous, 8'-2o' high, sparingly branched above, the branches ascending. Leaves petioled, the lower $'-4' long, obovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, lobed or pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes ; flowers yellow, i" broad, nearly sessile ; pods very slightly pedicelled, spreading or ascending, 3"-6" long, i" broad, narrowly oblong; style very short ; seeds minute, mostly in 2 rows in each cell. Wet grounds, Virginia to Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. April-June. 13. SISYMBRIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 657. 1753. An aquatic or uliginous herb, with pinnately divided leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Pods linear to linear-oblong, slender-pedicelled, tipped with the rather stout style, the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod. Cotyledons accumbent. [Ancient Greek name.] A monotypic genus of the Old World. i. Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aquaticum L. True Water-cress. Fig. 2033. Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aquaticum L. Sp. PI. 657. J753- Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4 : no. 1812. Roripa Nasturtium Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club 3 : Part 3, 5. 1893. Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum Britten & Rendle, Brit. Seed Plants 3. 1907. Glabrous, branching, floating or creeping, rooting from the nodes. Leaves of 3-9 seg- ments, the terminal one larger than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate or oval, or the terminal one nearly orbicular; racemes elongating in fruit; flowers 2"-2i" broad ; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods 6"-i6" long, i" wide, spreading and slightly curved upward, on pedi- cels of about their length ; seeds distinctly in 2 rows. Tn brooks and streams, Nova Scotia to Mani- toba, Virginia, Missouri, Arizona and California. Common in most districts. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Native also' of northern Asia and intro- duced into the West Indies and South America. Widely cultivated for salad. Well- or water- grass. Crashes. Brook-lime. Brown-cress. April- Nov. 14. ARMORACIA Gaertn. Meyer & Schreb. Fl. Wett. 2 : 426. 1800. Tall perennial glabrous herbs, with large pungent roots, leafy flowering stems and rather large white flowers in terminal racemes, the pedicels slender. Silicles short, little, if any, longer than wide. Style short; stigma subcapitate. Seeds few, in 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name from the Celtic, referring to the favorite (saline) habitat of the plant.] A genus of a few species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical. GENUS 14. MUSTARD FAMILY. 163 i. Armoracia Armoracia (L.) Britton, Horse- radish. Fig. 2034. Cochlearia Armoracia L. Sp. PL 648. 1753- Nasturtium Armoracia Fries; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 31. 1856. Roripa Armoracia A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan 1 8. 1894. Irmoracia rusticana Gaertn. Meyer & Schreb. Fl. Wett. 2 : 426. 1800. Erect, 2-3 high, from deep thick roots. Basal leaves on thick petioles 6'-i2' long, the blade oblong, often nearly as long, crenate, sinuate or even pinnatifid, rough but glabrous; upper leaves smaller, sessile, nar- rowly oblong or lanceolate, crenate or dentate; racemes paniculate, terminal and axillary; pedicels very slender, ascending, 2"-$" long; flowers white, showy, 2"-^' broad; pods oblong or nearly globose; style very short Escaped from gardens into moist grounds, especially along streams. Frequent. Adventive from Europe. The roots furnish the well-known sauce. Summer. 15. COCHLEARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Annual or biennial maritime herbs, with simple alternate mostly fleshy leaves, and white or rarely purplish or yellowish racemose flowers. Silicic inflated, oblong or globose. Valves very convex, dehiscent. Stigma nearly simple, or capitate. Seeds several in each cell of the pod, usually in 2 rows, marginless. Cotyledons mainly accumbent. [Greek, spoon, from the shape of the leaves.] A genus of about 25 species, all natives of the colder parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, about three others are found on the arctic and northern Pacific coasts of North America. Type species : Cochlearia officinalis L. i. Cochlearia officinalis L. Scurvy-grass or weed. Spoonwort. Fig. 2035. Cochlearia officinalis L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Cochlearia oblongifolia DC. Syst. Veg. 2 : 363. 1821. Diffuse, branching, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, the branches 6'-i2' long. Lower leaves long-petioled, oblong, orbicular or reniform, obtuse, i'-i' long, dentate or entire ; upper leaves ovate or oblong, ses- sile or short-petioled ; flowers white, 2"-3" broad; petals emarginate, or entire, thrice as long as the calyx ; raceme elongating in fruit ; pedicels ascend- ing, 3"~4" l n g m fruit; pods globose or ovoid, 2"- 3" long, smooth or reticulated ; valves convex, strongly i-nerved; style \" long. Along seacosts and rivers, Anticosti to Greenland and arctic America generally. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. A valued antiscorbutic salad. Cochlearia danica L., Danish scurvy-grass, of the arctic coasts of America and Europe, differs in having the stem-leaves deltoid to hastate, all but the uppermost slender-petioled, and ranges south to Newfoundland. 16. NEOBECKIA Greene, Pittonia 3 : 95. 1896. An aquatic herb, the immersed leaves finely dissected, with large white racemose flowers. Style slender. Silicles ovoid, i-celled. Seeds small, few, in 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of Lewis Caleb Beck, 1798-1853, American chemist and botanist.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 164 CRUCIFERAE VOL. II. i. Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Britton. Lake Water-cress. River-cress. Fig. 2036. Cochlearia aquatica Eaton, Man. Ed. 5, 181. 1829. Nasturtium natans var americanum A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N .3:223. 1836. Nasturtium lacustre A. Gray, Gen. 111. i : 132. 1848. Roripa americana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 169. 1894. Neobeckia aquaticc Greene, Pittonia 3: 95. 1896. Radicula aquatica Robinson, Rhodora 10: 32. 1908. Branching, i-2 long. Immersed leaves 2'-6' long, pinnately dissected into numerous filiform divisions; emersed leaves lanceolate to oblcng, obtuse or acute, i '-3' long, entire, serrate or lobed, readily detached from the stem; pedicels 3 "-4" long, slender, spreading or ascending; petals longer than the sepals; style about i" long; pods 2" long. In lakes and slow streams, Quebec and Ontario to north- ern New York, Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Local. Summer. 17. LEPIDIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Erect, or rarely diffuse, glabrous or pubescent herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves and racemose white or whitish flowers. Pubescence,' when present, of simple hairs. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short, sometimes none. Silicles orbicular to oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition, mostly emarginate, winged or wingless; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous, flattened; cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. [Greek, a little scale, from the flat scale-like pods.] About 65 species, widely distributed. In addition to the following, about 16 others occur in western North America. Called indifferently Cress, Pepperwort or Pepper-grass. Type species : Lepidium latifolium L. Stem-leaves clasping by an auriculate base. Pods broadly ovate, winged ; annual or biennial. i. L. campestre. Pods wingless, broader than long ; perennial. 2. L. Draba. Stem-leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping. Pods and seeds- entirely wingless ; petals none ; cotyledons incumbent. 3. L. ruderale. Pods slightly winged above, orbicular or oval, about i" broad; petals present or none. Cotyledons accumbent ; petals generally present. 4. L. virginicum. Cotyledons incumbent ; petals minute or wanting. 5. L. densiflorum. Pods oblong, winsjed all around, longer than wide, about 2" high. 6. L. sativum. i. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Field, Cow or Bastard Cress. Fig. 2037. Thlaspi campestre L. Sp. PI. 646. 1753. L. campestre R. Br. in Ait. f. Hort. Kew. 4 : 88. 1812. Annual or biennial, erect, io'-i8' high, branch- ing above, hoary-pubescent with scale-like hairs or rarely nearly glabrous. Basal leaves oblong, or spatulate-oblong, entire, or pinnatifid in the lower part, obtuse, petioled, 2'-$' long; stem- leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate, sessile, clasping the stem by an auricled base; flowers white or yellowish; pedicels rather stout, spreading, 2"~4" long in fruit; pods very numerous, forming dense elongated racemes, broadly ovate, slightly curved upward, about equalling their pedicels, or shorter, broadly winged at the apex, rough, notched, tipped with a minute style. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick and On- tario to Virginia, Kansas, and on the Pacific Coast, a bad weed in the Middle States. Naturalized from Europe. May-July. Yellow seed. Mithridate mus- tard. Glen-, or poor-man's-pepper. Glen- or crowd- weed. False flax. English pepper-grass. GENUS 17. MUSTARD FAMILY. 2. Lepidium Draba L. Hoary Cress. Fig. 2038. Lepidium Draba L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Perennial, erect or ascending, io'-i8' high, hoary-pubescent, branched at the inflorescence. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, slightly dentate or entire, ii'-2' long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile and clasping; pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, 3"-6" long in fruit; flowers white, about i"-2" broad; pods very broadly ovate, or cordate, ii" long, 2" broad, arranged in short corymbose racemes; valves dis- tinct, papillose, keeled, wingless, tipped with a slender style i"-i" long. Waste grounds, Astoria and Syracuse, N. Y., Wash- ington, D. C., and on ballast about the seaports. Also from Colorado and Wyoming to California and British Columbia. Fugitive from Europe. Native also of Asia. April-June. 3. Lepidium ruderale L. Roadside or Narrow-leaved Pepper-grass. Fig. 2039. Lepidium ruderale L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Annual, erect, 6'-i5' high, glabrous, wiry, freely branching. Basal and lower leaves oblong in outline, i'~4' long, i-2-pinnatifid into linear or oblong obtuse segments ; upper leaves smaller, entire or with a few lobes ; flowers $" broad or less, greenish; petals none; stamens 2; pods flat, not margined, about i" in length, short-oval ; pedicels spreading or somewhat ascending, very slender, iJ"-2" long in fruit; valves sharply keeled, barely winged; seeds marginless; coty- ledons incumbent. In waste places, on ballast and along roadsides about the cities, Nova Scotia to Texas, and recorded from Bermuda. Naturalized from Europe. Has the unpleasant odor of wart-cress. Occurs also in Aus- tralia. Summer. 4. Lepidium virginicum L. Wild Pepper- grass. Fig. 2040. Lepidium virginicum L.- Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate in outline, generally with a large terminal lobe and numerous small lateral ones, all dentate, glabrous or slightly pubescent; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong- linear, sharply dentate or entire, sessile, or the lower stalked; flowers \"-\" broad, white, petals generally present, sometimes wanting in the later flowers ; stamens 2 ; pedicels very slender, spread- ing, 2"-3" long in fruit; pod flat, short-oval or orbicular, minutely winged above; cotyledons ac- cumbent. In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Minne- sota. Colorado, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies, and introduced as a weed into south- ern Europe. Bird's-pepper. Tongue-grass. May- No v. j66 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 5. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Wild Tongue- or Pepper-grass. Fig. 2041. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Ind. Sem. Goett. 4. 1835- Lepidium intermedium A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2. 1856. Not A. Rich. 1847. L. ramosissimum A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 26 : 124. 1899. Much like L. ruderale and L. virginicum. Basal leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid. Pods obovate-orbicular to ovate, sometimes broader than long, slightly wing-margined above, about i" in diameter; flowering pedicels ascending, forming narrow racemes, or in fruit spreading; petals small or wanting; seeds nearly wingless; cotyledons incumbent. In dry soil, Maine and Ontario to British Co- lumbia, Virginia, Texas and Nevada. Naturalized in Europe and native also of Asia. May-Aug. Has been confused with the Asiatic L. apetalum Willd. and with L, medium Greene. Lepidium neglectum Thellung, differing by slightly longer capsules with more distinctly winged seeds, is widely distributed within the range of the preceding species and is also natural- ized in Europe ; but it does not appear to be spe- cifically distinct. 6. Lepidium sativum L. Garden, Town or Golden Pepper-grass or Cress. Fig. 2042. Lepidium sativum L. Sp. PI. 644. 1753. Annual, glabrous, bright green, stem slender, usually much branched, about i e high. Lower leaves 2-pinnate, or pinnate with the segments lobed or pinnatifid, 3'-7' long, the lobes entire or incised ; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, entire or incised, much smaller ; flowers in loose elongated racemes, about i" broad ; petals pres- ent; stamens 6; silicles ovate-oval, about 2" high and i" wide, equalling or longer than their pedicels, emarginate, winged all around; style short. In waste places, Quebec to New York and British Columbia. Escaped from gardens. Native of Eu- rope. Much cultivated for its pungent foliage. Petals often pinkish. Tongue-grass. May-Aug. 18. CARARA Medic. Prig, i: 34. 1792. [CORONOPUS Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2 : 293. 1791. Not Mill. 1754.] Annual or biennial, diffuse, unpleasantly odorous herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small whitish flowers. Pubescence of simple hairs. Silicles small, didymous, laterally compressed, sessile. Stamens often only 2 or 4. Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at each end, rugose or tuberculate, indehiscent, falling away from the septum at maturity. Seeds i in each cell; cotyledons narrow, incumbent. [Ancient Italian name.] About 6 species, of wide geographic distribution in warm and temperate regions. Type species: Carara Coronopus (L.) Medic. Pod rugose, not crested, emarginate. Pod coarsely wrinkled, crested, tuberculate. 1. C. didymus. 2. C. Coronopus. GENUS 18. MUSTARD FAMILY. 167 i. Carara didyma (L.) Britton. Lesser Wart-cress. Fig. 2043. Lepidium didymum L. Mant. 92. 1767. Senebiera didyma Pers. Syn. z: 185. 1807. Coronopus didymus J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 3: 691. 1800. Tufted, spreading on the ground, sparingly pu- bescent. Stems 2'-i5' long, branching; leaves deeply i-2-pinnatifid, the lower slender-petioled, the upper sessile ; flowers minute, white, racemose ; pedicels slender, i"-ij" long in fruit; pod didy- mous, about i" broad and slightly more than i" high ; valves rugose, obtuse at each end and readily separating into 2 ovoid nutlets. In waste places, Newfoundland to Florida, Mis- souri and Texas, west to British Columbia, California,, Abundant in ballast about the northern seaports. Also throughout tropical America and widely dis- tributed in the Old World where it is native. Summer. 2. Carara Coronopus (L.) Medic. Wart or Swine's Cress. Wartwort. Fig. 2044. Cochlcaria Coronopus L. Sp. PI. 648. 1753. Carara Coronopus Medic. Pflg. i : 35. 1792. Senebiera Coronopus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 76. 1806. Coronopus Coronopus Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 673. 1880-83. Tufted, spreading on the ground, succulent, glabrous and glaucous, or with a few spreading hairs. Stems 2'- 15' long; leaves similar to those of the last species, gen- erally larger, sometimes less divided; flowers similar; pedicels stout, i" long or less ; pod 2" broad and about li" high, flattish, rounded, apiculate at the summit, marked with coarse wrinkles which form a crest around the mar- gin; valves not distinctly separate. In waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick to Florida and the Gulf States. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Sometimes called buck's-horn and herb-ivy. Sow-grass. Summer. 19. THLASPI [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Erect glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with entire or dentate leaves, the basal ones forming a rosette, those of the stem, or at least the upper ones, auriculate and clasping. Flowers white or purplish. Siliques obcuneate, obcordate, or oblong-orbicular, mostly emar- ginate, flattened at right angles to the narrow septum, crested or winged. Valves dehiscent. Seeds 2 or several in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, to flatten, from the flat pod.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of temperate, arctic and alpine regions. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in arctic America, the Rocky Mountains and California. Type species : Thlaspi arvense L. Lower stem-leaves not clasping ; seeds rugose. All the stem-leaves cordate-clasping ; seeds smooth. 1. T. arvense. 2. T. perfoliatum. CRUCIFERAE. i. Thlaspi arvense L. Field Penny- cress. French weed. Fig. 2045. Thalspi arvense L. Sp. PI. 646. 1753. Annual, erect, glabrous, 6'-i8' high, sim- ple or branching above. Basal leaves petioled, oblanceolate, early deciduous; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, sparingly dentate, the upper clasping the stem by an auricled base, the lower merely sessile; flowers white, about i" long, \" broad; pedicels spreading or curved upward, slender, 5"-9" long in fruit; pods nearly orbicular when ripe, 4' -6" broad, very flat, broadly winged all around, notched at the apex, in long racemes ; style minute, or none ; seeds rugose, about 6 in each cell. In waste places and on ballast, Quebec to New York, Manitoba and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June Aug. Bas- tard cress. Dish-mustard. Treacle-wort. 2. Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Per foliate Penny-cress. Fig. 2046. Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Sp. PL 646. 1753. Annual, glabrous, branched at the base, stems commonly simple, slender, ascending or erect, 3'-7' tall. Basal leaves ovate or suborbicular, often petioled; stem-leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, sessile, auricled at the base and clasping the stem, i'-i' long, 3"-6" wide, obtuse or acute at the apex; pedicels filiform, spreading; silicic obovate-orbicular, 2"-3" broad, rather narrowly winged, broadly notched at the summit; style short but mani- fest; seeds usually 4 in each cell. Hamilton, Ontario, and Geneva, New York. Advcntive from Europe. May-Aug. 20. MYAGRUM L. Sp. PI. 640. 1753. An annual glabrous glaucous branching herb, with entire or undulate oblong to lanceolate leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile and deeply auricled at the base. Flowers small, yellow, in elongating racemes ; pedicels short, erect-ascending, bractless. Sepals nearly erect. Petals short ; longer stamens somewhat connate in pairs Silicic obcuneate to spatulate, flattened, indehiscent, falsely 3-celled, i-seeded, tipped by the short style. Seed pendulous; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, a fly-trap.] A monotypic genus of Europe and western Asia. i. Myagrum perfoliatum L. Myagrum. Fig. 2047. Myagrum perfoliatum L. Sp. PL 640. 1753. Lower leaves oblong, narrowed into petioles ; upper leaves 2'-$' long, i'-i' wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the basal auricles mostly rounded; racemes, in fruit, elongating to several inches in length ; pedicels i "-2" long, 2-3 times shorter than the pods, equalling or a little longer than the calyx ; longer stamens about equalling the petals. In waste places about Quebec. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. GENUS 21. MUSTARD FAMILY. 169 21. STANLEYA Nutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818. Glabrous and glaucous, perennial tall mostly erect and branching herbs, with entire toothed lobed or pinnately divided leaves, and large yellow bractless flowers in elongated terminal racemes. Sepals linear, narrow. Petals narrow, long-clawed. Stamens 6, very nearly equal; anthers twisted. Ovary short-stipitate ; style short or none. Siliques linear, long-stipitate, spreading or recurving, somewhat compressed, dehiscent, the valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in i row in each cell, numerous, pendulous. Cotyledons straight, in- cumbent. [Named for Lord Edward Stanley, President of the Linnaean Society.] About 3 species, of western North America, the following typical. i. Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton. Stanleya. Fig. 2048. Cleome pinnata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 739. 1814. Stanleya pinnatifidaNutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818. Stanleya pinnata Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 8: 62. 1888. Stems stout, 2-5 tall, sometimes decum- bent. Lower leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, or entire, 5 '-8' long, i'-3' wide, long- petioled ; upper leaves similar, or less divided, or narrowly oblong or lanceolate, entire, short- petioled and narrowed at the base ; flowers nu- merous, showy; petals 8-12" long; filaments filiform, exserted; siliques 2'-$' long, about i" thick, 2-3 times as long as their stipes, spread- ing, downwardly curved, somewhat constricted between the seeds when dry. In dry soil, South Dakota and Nebraska to Cali- fornia, New Mexico and Arizona. Plant with the aspect of a Cleome. May-July. 22. THELYPODIUM Endl. Gen. 876. 1839. [PACHYPODIUM Nutt. 1838. Not Lindl. 1830.] Erect glabrate biennial or perennial herbs, with simple entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and racemose purplish or white flowers. Siliques nearly terete, linear, with a short stipe in some species; valves nerved, dehiscent; style short; stigma nearly entire. Seeds in I row in each cell of the pod, oblong, marginless ; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. [Greek, female- stalk, from the stiped ovary.] A genus of about 18 species, natives of North Amer- ica. All but the following occur only in the western part of the continent. Type species : Pachypodium laciniatum (Hook.) Nutt. i. Thelypodium integrifolium (Nutt.) Endl. Entire-leaved Thelypodium. Fig. 2049. Pachypodium integrifolium Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 96. 1838. Thelypodium integrifolium Endl.; Walp. Rep. i: 172. 1842. Pleurophragma integrifolium Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 34 : 433. 1907- Glabrous, erect, branching above, 3-6 high. Leaves entire, thickish, the basal and lower ones petioled, narrowly oval or oblong, 2'-4' long, the upper or sometimes nearly all the cauline ones ses- sile, linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers pink, in short dense racemes; pedicels slender, spreading, 2"-^" long; petals obo- vate or spatulate, long-clawed ; pods narrowly linear, about i' long and i" wide; stipe i"-2i" long; style slender, nearly i" long. Nebraska and Wyoming to Oregon, Utah and New Mexico. July-Sept. 23. ALLIARIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 418. 1763. Biennial or perennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, erect branching herbs, with broad dentate cordate or reniform leaves, and rather large racemose white flowers. Sepals short. 170 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. Petals oblong, clawed. Stamens 6 Style very short, conic. Siliques linear, narrowly cylindric, terete or nearly so, slightly constricted between the seeds when dry, the valves with a strong midnerve, dehiscent from the base. Seeds oblong, striate, in i row in each cell; cotyledons flat, incumbent. [From Allium, garlic, on account of its similar odor.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical. i. Alliaria Alliaria (L.) Britton. Hedge-garlic. Garlic Mustard or Root. Fig. 2050. Erysimum Alliaria L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2 : 26. 1772. A. Alliaria Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 167. 1894. Erect, branching, i-3 high, glabrous or with a few hairs on the petioles and leaf-margins. Leaves reniform, broadly ovate or cordate, rarely nearly orbicular, crenate or undulate, the lower 2'-7' broad on long petioles, the upper smaller, sessile or nearly so; pedicels 2"-$" long, spread- ing and very stout in fruit; flowers white, 3" -4" broad; pods glabrous, stiff, i'-2" long, i" thick, pointed, 4-sided when dry. Waste places, woods and along roadsides, Quebec and Ontario to southern New York, New Jersey and Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. May-June. Called also Jack-by-the- hedge and sauce-alone. Jack-in-the-bush. Poor- man's mustard. Penny-hedge. 24. SOPHIA Adans.Fam. PI. 2:417. 1763. [DESCURAINIA Webb & Earth. Phyt. Can. i : 71. 1836.] Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubby), canescent or pubescent with short forked hairs, with slender branching stems, 2-pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves, and small yellow flowers in terminal racemes, the racemes much elongating in fruit. Calyx early deciduous. Style very short; stigma simple. Siliques linear or linear-oblong, slender- pedicelled, the valves i-nerved. Seeds very small, oblong, wingless, in i or 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons incumbent. [Name in allusion to reputed medicinal properties.] About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, the Canary Islands and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, several others occur in the western United States. Type species : Sisymbrium Sophia L. Pods narrowly linear, 8"-i2" long, y 2 " wide, curved upward; pedicels ascending, i. S.Sophia. Pods linear-oblong, 4"-?" long, nearly or quite i" wide, straight or nearly so ; pedicels divergent or ascending, mostly longer than the pods. Pedicels diverging nearly at right angles. 2. S. pinnata. Pedicels ascending. 3. S. incisa. Pods linear, 4" 5" long, about YI" wide ; pedicels erect-appress- ed or narrowly ascending, equalling or shorter than the pods. 4. S, Hartii'egiana. i. Sophia Sophia (L.) Britton. Flixweed. Herb- Sophia. Fig. 2051. Sisymbrium Sophia L. Sp. PI. 659. 1753. Descttrainia Sophia Webb ; Prantl in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflf. 3 2 : 192. 1892. Sophia Sophia Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 144. 1897. o Minutely hoary-canescent, stem usually much branched, I*-3} tall, quite bushy. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid into nar- rowly linear or Jinear-oblong segments; flowers very numerous, about 3" long; pedicels ascending, very slender, 6"-8" long, glabrous or nearly so; pods narrowly linear, 8"- i 2" long, i" thick, ascending, curved upwards; seeds in i row in each cell of the pod. In waste places, New Brunswick to Ontario, Washington, Oregon, New York, Illinois, Nebraska and Utah. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. Fine-leaved hedge-mustard. Flaxweed. GENUS 21. MUSTARD FAMILY. 2. Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Howell. Mustard. Fig. 2052. 1788. Tansy- Erysimum pinnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 174. Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Gen. 2 : 68. Descurainia pinnaia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 173. 1894. S. pinnata Howell, Fl. N. W. Am. i : 56. 1897. Sophia brachycarpa (Richards.) Rydb. ; Britton, Man. 462. 1901. Densely canescent nearly all over, to glabrate ; stem erect, branched, 8'-24 tall, slender, the branches ascending. Leaves 2'-^.' long, oblong in outline, 2-pinnatifid into very numerous small toothed or entire obtuse segments ; pedicels very slender, spreading nearly or quite at right angles to the axis, $"-7" long, usually longer than the pods ; flowers i"-ii" broad; pods horizontal or ascending, oblong or linear-oblong, compressed, 3"-4" long, i" wide, glabrous or somewhat canescent; style minute; seeds plainly in 2 rows in each cell. In dry soil, Pennsylvania to Florida, Iowa, North Dakota, Colorado, California and Texas. May-July. 3. Sophia incisa (Engelm.) Greene. Western Tansy-Mustard. Fig. 2053. Sisymbrium incisum Engelm. ; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 8. 1849. Descurainia incisa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 173. 1894. Sophia incisa Greene, Pittonia 3: 95. 1896. Sophia intermedia Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card. 1 : 184. 1900. Resembles the preceding species, but is greener, nearly glabrous, or the pubescence is mixed with short glandular hairs. Leaves pinnately divided, and the pinnae i-2-pinnatifid into linear-oblong entire or toothed segments; fruiting pedicels widely ascending, filiform, 5"-io" long, usually longer than the pods; pods 4"-7" long, about i" thick, somewhat swollen, erect or ascending; seeds in I row or indistinctly in 2 rows. In dry soil, Minnesota to Saskatchewan and British Columbia, south to Tennessee, Kansas, Texas and Cali- fornia. May-Aug. 4. Sophia Hartwegiana (Fourn.) Greene. Hartweg's Tansy-Mustard. Fig. 2054. Sisymbrium Hartwegianum Fourn. Sisymb. 66. 1865. Sisymbrium incisum var. Hartwegianum Brew. & Wats. Bpt. Cal. i: 41. 1876. Descurainia Hartwegiana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 173. 1894. Sophia Hartwegiana Greene, Pittonia 3: 95. 1896. Similar to the two preceding species, densely minutely canescent or puberulent, stem i-2 tall, the branches slender, ascending. Leaves usually less finely dissected, pinnately divided into 5-7 pinnae, which are pinnatifid with obtuse segments and lobes ; fruiting pedicels erect-appressed or closely ascending, i4"-4" long, shorter than or equalling the pods ; pods erect or nearly so, linear, 4"-5" long, about \" thick; seeds in i row. In dry soil. Minnesota to Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Colorado, Utah, Mexico and California. May-July. 172 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 25. CHEIRINIA Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2 : 170. 1820. Annual, biennial or perennial, mainly erect and branching herbs, more or less pubescent or hoary, with 2-branched hairs, the leaves simple, entire, toothed or lobed. Flowers yellow. Siliques elongated, linear, 4-angled or rarely terete; valves strongly keeled by a prominent midvein. Stigma lobed. Seeds oblong, in i row in each cell, marginless or narrowly mar- gined at the top; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek name from similarity of this genus to Cheiri Adans.] A genus of about 90 species, natives of the north temperate zone, most abundant in eastern Europe and central Asia. In addition to the following, several others are found in the Rocky Mountains and on the California coast. Type species : Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link. Flowers 2"-^" high. Pedicels slender, spreading; pods very narrow, 6"-iz" long. Pedicels stout, short. Perennial ; native ; pods ascending. Annual ; introduced ; pods spreading. Flowers 8"- 12" high, conspicuous. 1. C. cheiranthoides. 2. C. inconspicua. 3. C. repanda. 4. C. aspera. i. Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link. Worm- seed or Treacle Mustard. Fig. 2055. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Sp. PL 661. 1753. Cheirinia cheiranthoides Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 170. 1820. Chciranthus cheiranthoides Heller, Cat. N. A. PI. 4. 1898. Erect, minutely rough-pubescent, branching, 8'-2 high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, i'-4' long, acutish or obtuse, entire or slightly dentate, taper- ing at the base into a short petiole or the upper sessile; pedicels slender, spreading or somewhat ascending, 3" -4" long in fruit ; flowers about 2!" high ; pods linear, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, 6"-i2" long, less than i" broad, nearly erect on slender spreading pedi- cels; valves strongly keeled; styles \" long. Along streams and in fields, Newfoundland to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Missouri, west to the Pacific Coast. Appears in some places as adventive. Also in northern Europe. Tarrify. June-Aug. 3. Cheirinia inconspicua (S. Wats.) Britton. Small-flowered Prairie- rocket. Fig. 2056. Erysimum parviflorum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I : 95. 1838. Not Pers. Erysimum asperum var. inconspicuum S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 24. 1871. E. inconspicuum MacM. Met. Minn. 268. 1892. Erysimum syrticolum Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 285. 1893. Perennial, roughish-puberulent or canescent, stem erect, i-2 tall, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves oblanceolate or linear, i'-3' long, obtuse, entire or dentate, the upper ses- sile, the lower slender-petioled ; flowers about V\ 4" high and broad; pedicels stout, about 2" long in fruit, ascending; pod narrowly linear, f-2}' long, about i" wide, minutely rough- puberulent, narrowly ascending or erect; style very stout, i"-i" long. In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, British Colum- bia and Alaska, south to Kansas, Colorado and Nevada. Adventive farther east. July-Aug. GENUS 25. MUSTARD FAMILY. '73 3. Cheirinia repanda (L.) Link. Repand Cheirinia. Fig. 2057. Erysimum repandum L. Amoen. Acad. 3: 415. 1756. Cheirinia repanda Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 171. 1820. Annual, pubescent, about i" high, often much branched. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, ii'-3i' long, repand-denticulate or the lower ones coarsely toothed ; flowers 3"-4i" high ; pedicels stout, 2"-3" long; style short and stout; pods widely spreading, iJ'-3$' long, about i" thick. Waste and cultivated grounds, Ohio to Kansas and Arizona, and in ballast at eastern seaports. Adven- tive or naturalized from Enrope. May-July. 4. Cheirinia aspera (DC.) Britton. Western Wall-flower. Yellow Phlox. Fig. 2058. Erysimum lanceolatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 436. 1814. Not R. Br. 1812. Erysimum asperum DC. Syst. 2 : 505. 1821. Erysimum arkansanum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 95. 1838. Rough-pubescent or hoary, i-3 high, simple or branching above. Lower leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering into a petiole, dentate or sometimes entire, mainly acute; upper leaves smaller, sessile or nearly so, entire or rarely toothed; flowers orange-yellow, large and showy, 6"- 12" high and nearly as broad; pedi- cels stout, spreading, 2"-3" long in fruit; pods linear, rough, ii'-4' long, nearly i" wide, 4-sided; styles short, thick. In open places, Newfoundland and Quebec ; Ohio and Illinois to Texas, Saskatchewan, Colorado and New Mex- ico. The eastern plant generally has broader leaves than the western. Prai- rie-rocket. Orange-mustard. May-July. 26. ERYSIMUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Annual or binennial, mostly tall and erect herbs, with simple entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and yellow flowers. Siliques linear-conic, terete, many-seeded. Valves mostly 3-nerved, dehiscent. Stigma with 2 short lobes. Seeds in i row in each cell of the pod, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek name of some garden plant.] A genus of few species, natives of the Old World, the following typical. 174 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. i. Erysimum officinale L. Scop. Hedge Weed or Mustard. Fig. 2059. Erysitniim officinale L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 26. 1772. S. leiocarpum Jord. Diag. i : 139. 1864. Erect, more or less pubescent, or glabrous, i- 3 high, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile; lobes 3-6 pairs and an odd one, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, dentate, crenate or nearly entire, acutish or obtuse, the lower ones often recurved; pedicels i" long, erect in fruit; flowers yellow, ii" broad, pods s"-7" long, linear, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, closely a